Hans-Lukas Kieser is Associate Professor in the Centre for the Study of Violence at the University of Newcastle, Australia, and Adjunct Professor of history at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. He has been a guest professor at the University of Stanford, USA, the EHEES, France and the University of Michigan, USA.Khatchig Mouradian is a lecturer in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies at Columbia University, and the Armenian and Georgian Specialist at the Library of Congress. He is the author of the award-winning book The Resistance Network: The Armenian Genocide and Humanitarianism in Ottoman Syria, 1915-1918.

Hans Lukas Kieser and Khatchig Mouradian’s Handbook of the Late Ottoman Empire fills an important gap for the student and scholar of the Ottoman Empire from the late eighteenth century through the First World War, offering the latest critical scholarship on this seminal period, incorporating the history of violence, gender, and memory studies.

• List of FiguresList of MapsNotes on ContributorsAcknowledgmentsEditors’ IntroductionHans-Lukas Kieser and Khatchig MouradianSection I. Late-Ottoman Coexistence: Reforms and Transformations in a Premodern Empire IntroductionReform in the Ottoman Empire: Reform of the Ottoman Empire?Marc AymesThe Rum in the Late Ottoman EmpireMerih ErolArmenians in a Plural Late Ottoman SocietyVarak KetsemanianOttoman Jews during the Last Ottoman CenturyJulia Phillips CohenThe Muhajir: Muslim Displacement in the Last Ottoman CenturyCandan BademIntervention: Late Ottoman Environmental History: State of the Field (or State of the Swamp)Samuel DolbeeSection II. Crises, Violence, and Revolutionism IntroductionFrom the Ottoman to the Balkan: The Rise of the Nation-State’s Modernity in Southeastern EuropeDimitris StamatopoulosArmed Forces under the Primacy of Politics: The Ottoman Army in the Nineteenth CenturyElke HartmannSultan Abdulhamid II: From Chaos to AutocracyEdhem EldemVarieties of Regional Mass ViolenceÜmit Kurt and Owen MillerNew Approaches to the Hamidian Massacres, 1894–97Jelle Verheij and Owen MillerIntervention: The Gradual Disappearance of Slavery in the Late Ottoman EmpireHayri Gokshin OzkoraySection III. Nationalism, Transnational Actors, and International Relations IntroductionGenesis and Trajectory of Kurdish Nationalism towards the End of the Ottoman EmpireMetin AtmacaThe Arab National Question at the End of the Ottoman Empire and its AfterlivesSeda AltugPalestine and Zionism during the Period of Abdulhamid II and the Young TurksLouis FishmanMissionaries in the Late Ottoman Empire: A “Golden Age”?Chantal VerdeilIntervention: Emigration from the Late Ottoman Empire: State of the FieldNora LessersohnSection IV. The Constitutional Era: From the Ottoman Spring to Party DictatorshipIntroductionThe 1908 Young Turk Revolution: Enthusiasm and RealitiesDikran M. KaligianParticularism vs Universalism: Ottomanism and Constitutionalism during the Second Constitutional PeriodBanu Turnaoglu AçanFrom Parliamentarism to Party-State with “Special Organization”: The Committee of Union and Progress, 1908–18Erdal KaynarIntra- and Inter-Communal Relationships in Palestine during the Last Years of Ottoman Rule, 1908–17Yuval Ben-BassatRace as Culture: The Constructions of Race in Formative Turkish Nationalism (1911–16)Ümit Kurt and Dogan GurpinarIntervention: Turkish Women’s History in the Early Twentieth Century: An Overview of the HistoriographyElife Bicer-DeveciSelect Bibliography: Gender in Turkish HistorySection V. Wars and Genocide IntroductionThe Balkan Wars, the First World War, and Ottoman SocietyYigit AkinThe Armenian Genocide: An OverviewKhatchig MouradianAssyrians and Pontic Greeks: Issues of GenocideDavid GauntDispossession of Christians in Asia Minor, 1914–23Mehmet PolatelWars in Anatolia and Commander-in-Chief Gazi Mustafa Kemal PashaAhmet DemirelIntervention: Perception and Politics of the Kizilbash-Alevi in the Late and Post-Ottoman Periods: Ruptures and ContinuitiesYalcin CakmakSection VI. Treaties and Their Defining Impact IntroductionTreaty of Lausanne: The Birth Certificate of Republican Turkey in a Post-Ottoman Middle EastHans-Lukas KieserNew States, New Borders, New Issues? The Kurds, 1918–38Jordi TejelEmerging Turkey and the League of Nations: Nationalist InternationalismCarolin Liebisch-Gumus“Azniv Efendi, Where Were You Five Years Ago?” Nationalist Policies and the Precarious Situation of the Armenian Community in the Republic of TurkeyAri SekeryanIntervention: International Law and European Financial Control, 1854–1954: A Postcolonial Perspective on Ottoman Public DebtEllinor MorackSection VII. The Quest for Belonging in the Post-Ottoman Space IntroductionThe Afterlife of Christian Missionary Education in Turkey: Teaching Liberal Internationalism under KemalismErik SjobergDiscarding the Ottoman and Asserting the National: Armenian Diasporic Church Architecture in 1930s LebanonVahe Tachjian and Joseph RustomWriting Ottomans into Arab History: Late and Post-Ottoman Arab Historiographies of the Empire beyond the Neo-Ottomanist TropeAline SchlaepferActive Remembering and “Neo-Ottomanism”: Commemoration of the Great War as Invented Tradition in the Late Ottoman Empire and in Modern Turkey, 1909–2020Selim DeringilPolitical Contention and Protest Movements in Post-Ottoman TurkeyDerya OzkayaDead States and Living Legacies: Experiments in Self-Rule from the Republic of Mount Ararat to Northeast SyriaAmy Austin HolmesIntervention: The State of the Kurdish Question since the End of the Ottoman EmpireCevat DarginIntervention: The Ottoman Archive in IstanbulCandan BademAfterword: Historiography’s HistoryHamit BozarslanChronology of Late Ottoman Political HistorySelect BibliographyIndex

Hans-Lukas Kieser is Associate Professor in the Centre for the Study of Violence at the University of Newcastle, Australia, and Adjunct Professor of history at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. He has been a guest professor at the University of Stanford, USA, the EHEES, France and the University of Michigan, USA.Khatchig Mouradian is a lecturer in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies at Columbia University, and the Armenian and Georgian Specialist at the Library of Congress. He is the author of the award-winning book The Resistance Network: The Armenian Genocide and Humanitarianism in Ottoman Syria, 1915-1918.

Hans Lukas Kieser and Khatchig Mouradian’s Handbook of the Late Ottoman Empire fills an important gap for the student and scholar of the Ottoman Empire from the late eighteenth century through the First World War, offering the latest critical scholarship on this seminal period, incorporating the history of violence, gender, and memory studies.

• List of FiguresList of MapsNotes on ContributorsAcknowledgmentsEditors’ IntroductionHans-Lukas Kieser and Khatchig MouradianSection I. Late-Ottoman Coexistence: Reforms and Transformations in a Premodern Empire IntroductionReform in the Ottoman Empire: Reform of the Ottoman Empire?Marc AymesThe Rum in the Late Ottoman EmpireMerih ErolArmenians in a Plural Late Ottoman SocietyVarak KetsemanianOttoman Jews during the Last Ottoman CenturyJulia Phillips CohenThe Muhajir: Muslim Displacement in the Last Ottoman CenturyCandan BademIntervention: Late Ottoman Environmental History: State of the Field (or State of the Swamp)Samuel DolbeeSection II. Crises, Violence, and Revolutionism IntroductionFrom the Ottoman to the Balkan: The Rise of the Nation-State’s Modernity in Southeastern EuropeDimitris StamatopoulosArmed Forces under the Primacy of Politics: The Ottoman Army in the Nineteenth CenturyElke HartmannSultan Abdulhamid II: From Chaos to AutocracyEdhem EldemVarieties of Regional Mass ViolenceÜmit Kurt and Owen MillerNew Approaches to the Hamidian Massacres, 1894–97Jelle Verheij and Owen MillerIntervention: The Gradual Disappearance of Slavery in the Late Ottoman EmpireHayri Gokshin OzkoraySection III. Nationalism, Transnational Actors, and International Relations IntroductionGenesis and Trajectory of Kurdish Nationalism towards the End of the Ottoman EmpireMetin AtmacaThe Arab National Question at the End of the Ottoman Empire and its AfterlivesSeda AltugPalestine and Zionism during the Period of Abdulhamid II and the Young TurksLouis FishmanMissionaries in the Late Ottoman Empire: A “Golden Age”?Chantal VerdeilIntervention: Emigration from the Late Ottoman Empire: State of the FieldNora LessersohnSection IV. The Constitutional Era: From the Ottoman Spring to Party DictatorshipIntroductionThe 1908 Young Turk Revolution: Enthusiasm and RealitiesDikran M. KaligianParticularism vs Universalism: Ottomanism and Constitutionalism during the Second Constitutional PeriodBanu Turnaoglu AçanFrom Parliamentarism to Party-State with “Special Organization”: The Committee of Union and Progress, 1908–18Erdal KaynarIntra- and Inter-Communal Relationships in Palestine during the Last Years of Ottoman Rule, 1908–17Yuval Ben-BassatRace as Culture: The Constructions of Race in Formative Turkish Nationalism (1911–16)Ümit Kurt and Dogan GurpinarIntervention: Turkish Women’s History in the Early Twentieth Century: An Overview of the HistoriographyElife Bicer-DeveciSelect Bibliography: Gender in Turkish HistorySection V. Wars and Genocide IntroductionThe Balkan Wars, the First World War, and Ottoman SocietyYigit AkinThe Armenian Genocide: An OverviewKhatchig MouradianAssyrians and Pontic Greeks: Issues of GenocideDavid GauntDispossession of Christians in Asia Minor, 1914–23Mehmet PolatelWars in Anatolia and Commander-in-Chief Gazi Mustafa Kemal PashaAhmet DemirelIntervention: Perception and Politics of the Kizilbash-Alevi in the Late and Post-Ottoman Periods: Ruptures and ContinuitiesYalcin CakmakSection VI. Treaties and Their Defining Impact IntroductionTreaty of Lausanne: The Birth Certificate of Republican Turkey in a Post-Ottoman Middle EastHans-Lukas KieserNew States, New Borders, New Issues? The Kurds, 1918–38Jordi TejelEmerging Turkey and the League of Nations: Nationalist InternationalismCarolin Liebisch-Gumus“Azniv Efendi, Where Were You Five Years Ago?” Nationalist Policies and the Precarious Situation of the Armenian Community in the Republic of TurkeyAri SekeryanIntervention: International Law and European Financial Control, 1854–1954: A Postcolonial Perspective on Ottoman Public DebtEllinor MorackSection VII. The Quest for Belonging in the Post-Ottoman Space IntroductionThe Afterlife of Christian Missionary Education in Turkey: Teaching Liberal Internationalism under KemalismErik SjobergDiscarding the Ottoman and Asserting the National: Armenian Diasporic Church Architecture in 1930s LebanonVahe Tachjian and Joseph RustomWriting Ottomans into Arab History: Late and Post-Ottoman Arab Historiographies of the Empire beyond the Neo-Ottomanist TropeAline SchlaepferActive Remembering and “Neo-Ottomanism”: Commemoration of the Great War as Invented Tradition in the Late Ottoman Empire and in Modern Turkey, 1909–2020Selim DeringilPolitical Contention and Protest Movements in Post-Ottoman TurkeyDerya OzkayaDead States and Living Legacies: Experiments in Self-Rule from the Republic of Mount Ararat to Northeast SyriaAmy Austin HolmesIntervention: The State of the Kurdish Question since the End of the Ottoman EmpireCevat DarginIntervention: The Ottoman Archive in IstanbulCandan BademAfterword: Historiography’s HistoryHamit BozarslanChronology of Late Ottoman Political HistorySelect BibliographyIndex

Hans-Lukas Kieser is Associate Professor in the Centre for the Study of Violence at the University of Newcastle, Australia, and Adjunct Professor of history at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. He has been a guest professor at the University of Stanford, USA, the EHEES, France and the University of Michigan, USA.Khatchig Mouradian is a lecturer in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies at Columbia University, and the Armenian and Georgian Specialist at the Library of Congress. He is the author of the award-winning book The Resistance Network: The Armenian Genocide and Humanitarianism in Ottoman Syria, 1915-1918.

Hans Lukas Kieser and Khatchig Mouradian’s Handbook of the Late Ottoman Empire fills an important gap for the student and scholar of the Ottoman Empire from the late eighteenth century through the First World War, offering the latest critical scholarship on this seminal period, incorporating the history of violence, gender, and memory studies.

• List of FiguresList of MapsNotes on ContributorsAcknowledgmentsEditors’ IntroductionHans-Lukas Kieser and Khatchig MouradianSection I. Late-Ottoman Coexistence: Reforms and Transformations in a Premodern Empire IntroductionReform in the Ottoman Empire: Reform of the Ottoman Empire?Marc AymesThe Rum in the Late Ottoman EmpireMerih ErolArmenians in a Plural Late Ottoman SocietyVarak KetsemanianOttoman Jews during the Last Ottoman CenturyJulia Phillips CohenThe Muhajir: Muslim Displacement in the Last Ottoman CenturyCandan BademIntervention: Late Ottoman Environmental History: State of the Field (or State of the Swamp)Samuel DolbeeSection II. Crises, Violence, and Revolutionism IntroductionFrom the Ottoman to the Balkan: The Rise of the Nation-State’s Modernity in Southeastern EuropeDimitris StamatopoulosArmed Forces under the Primacy of Politics: The Ottoman Army in the Nineteenth CenturyElke HartmannSultan Abdulhamid II: From Chaos to AutocracyEdhem EldemVarieties of Regional Mass ViolenceÜmit Kurt and Owen MillerNew Approaches to the Hamidian Massacres, 1894–97Jelle Verheij and Owen MillerIntervention: The Gradual Disappearance of Slavery in the Late Ottoman EmpireHayri Gokshin OzkoraySection III. Nationalism, Transnational Actors, and International Relations IntroductionGenesis and Trajectory of Kurdish Nationalism towards the End of the Ottoman EmpireMetin AtmacaThe Arab National Question at the End of the Ottoman Empire and its AfterlivesSeda AltugPalestine and Zionism during the Period of Abdulhamid II and the Young TurksLouis FishmanMissionaries in the Late Ottoman Empire: A “Golden Age”?Chantal VerdeilIntervention: Emigration from the Late Ottoman Empire: State of the FieldNora LessersohnSection IV. The Constitutional Era: From the Ottoman Spring to Party DictatorshipIntroductionThe 1908 Young Turk Revolution: Enthusiasm and RealitiesDikran M. KaligianParticularism vs Universalism: Ottomanism and Constitutionalism during the Second Constitutional PeriodBanu Turnaoglu AçanFrom Parliamentarism to Party-State with “Special Organization”: The Committee of Union and Progress, 1908–18Erdal KaynarIntra- and Inter-Communal Relationships in Palestine during the Last Years of Ottoman Rule, 1908–17Yuval Ben-BassatRace as Culture: The Constructions of Race in Formative Turkish Nationalism (1911–16)Ümit Kurt and Dogan GurpinarIntervention: Turkish Women’s History in the Early Twentieth Century: An Overview of the HistoriographyElife Bicer-DeveciSelect Bibliography: Gender in Turkish HistorySection V. Wars and Genocide IntroductionThe Balkan Wars, the First World War, and Ottoman SocietyYigit AkinThe Armenian Genocide: An OverviewKhatchig MouradianAssyrians and Pontic Greeks: Issues of GenocideDavid GauntDispossession of Christians in Asia Minor, 1914–23Mehmet PolatelWars in Anatolia and Commander-in-Chief Gazi Mustafa Kemal PashaAhmet DemirelIntervention: Perception and Politics of the Kizilbash-Alevi in the Late and Post-Ottoman Periods: Ruptures and ContinuitiesYalcin CakmakSection VI. Treaties and Their Defining Impact IntroductionTreaty of Lausanne: The Birth Certificate of Republican Turkey in a Post-Ottoman Middle EastHans-Lukas KieserNew States, New Borders, New Issues? The Kurds, 1918–38Jordi TejelEmerging Turkey and the League of Nations: Nationalist InternationalismCarolin Liebisch-Gumus“Azniv Efendi, Where Were You Five Years Ago?” Nationalist Policies and the Precarious Situation of the Armenian Community in the Republic of TurkeyAri SekeryanIntervention: International Law and European Financial Control, 1854–1954: A Postcolonial Perspective on Ottoman Public DebtEllinor MorackSection VII. The Quest for Belonging in the Post-Ottoman Space IntroductionThe Afterlife of Christian Missionary Education in Turkey: Teaching Liberal Internationalism under KemalismErik SjobergDiscarding the Ottoman and Asserting the National: Armenian Diasporic Church Architecture in 1930s LebanonVahe Tachjian and Joseph RustomWriting Ottomans into Arab History: Late and Post-Ottoman Arab Historiographies of the Empire beyond the Neo-Ottomanist TropeAline SchlaepferActive Remembering and “Neo-Ottomanism”: Commemoration of the Great War as Invented Tradition in the Late Ottoman Empire and in Modern Turkey, 1909–2020Selim DeringilPolitical Contention and Protest Movements in Post-Ottoman TurkeyDerya OzkayaDead States and Living Legacies: Experiments in Self-Rule from the Republic of Mount Ararat to Northeast SyriaAmy Austin HolmesIntervention: The State of the Kurdish Question since the End of the Ottoman EmpireCevat DarginIntervention: The Ottoman Archive in IstanbulCandan BademAfterword: Historiography’s HistoryHamit BozarslanChronology of Late Ottoman Political HistorySelect BibliographyIndex