Cecilia Biancalana is a researcher in political science at the University of Turin. She has worked at the Istituto Carlo Cattaneo in Bologna and the Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli in Milan, and has served as a senior researcher at the Université de Lausanne, Switzerland.Eric Montigny is a professor of political science at Université Laval and co-director of the Laboratoire international associé sur les partis politiques, la représentation et le développement durable (International Laboratory on Political Parties, Representation, and Sustainable Development) in collaboration with the Université de Lausanne. He is an associate researcher in the Groupe de recherche en communication politique (Political Communication Research Group) and the research chair on democracy and parliamentary institutions at Université Laval.Contributors: Colin Bennett, François Blais, Pierre-Luc Déziel, Yannick Dufresne, David Lyon, Catherine Ouellet, François Pellegrini, Julia Rone, Pierre Trudel

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• Introduction: Towards an Artificial Democracy? / Eric Montigny and Cecilia BiancalanaPart 1: Polity: A Regulatory Framework for a Democratic Use of Data and AI1 Big Data and Electoral Democracy: The Epistemic Risk / François Blais2 Big Data: A Collective Resource of Connected Worlds / Pierre Trudel3 The Democratic Specifications / François PellegriniPart 2: Politics: Use of Data, Profiling, and Personalizing in Electioneering4 The Closing of Ranks: The Collusion of Federal Political Parties and the Resistance to Privacy Regulation / Colin J. Bennett5 Digital Data as a Lens on Voters' Lifestyle: Theoretical Perspectives and Insights / Catherine Ouellet and Yannick Dufresne6 What's Behind Micro-Targeting? The Role of Party Members. Ethnography of a Data-Driven Campaign in Turin / Cecilia BiancalanaPart 3: Policy: Surveillance and Data Protection During the COVID-19 Pandemic7 Surveillance Capitalism Meets the Pandemic: Surveillance Challenges to the "Social Contract" / David Lyon8 The Use of COVID-19 Exposure Notification Apps in Canada: A Deep Dive in the Provincial Privacy Frameworks / Pierre-Luc DézielConclusion: Democracy as an Artifact / Julia Rone and Cecilia Biancalana

Cecilia Biancalana is a researcher in political science at the University of Turin. She has worked at the Istituto Carlo Cattaneo in Bologna and the Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli in Milan, and has served as a senior researcher at the Université de Lausanne, Switzerland.Eric Montigny is a professor of political science at Université Laval and co-director of the Laboratoire international associé sur les partis politiques, la représentation et le développement durable (International Laboratory on Political Parties, Representation, and Sustainable Development) in collaboration with the Université de Lausanne. He is an associate researcher in the Groupe de recherche en communication politique (Political Communication Research Group) and the research chair on democracy and parliamentary institutions at Université Laval.Contributors: Colin Bennett, François Blais, Pierre-Luc Déziel, Yannick Dufresne, David Lyon, Catherine Ouellet, François Pellegrini, Julia Rone, Pierre Trudel

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• Introduction: Towards an Artificial Democracy? / Eric Montigny and Cecilia BiancalanaPart 1: Polity: A Regulatory Framework for a Democratic Use of Data and AI1 Big Data and Electoral Democracy: The Epistemic Risk / François Blais2 Big Data: A Collective Resource of Connected Worlds / Pierre Trudel3 The Democratic Specifications / François PellegriniPart 2: Politics: Use of Data, Profiling, and Personalizing in Electioneering4 The Closing of Ranks: The Collusion of Federal Political Parties and the Resistance to Privacy Regulation / Colin J. Bennett5 Digital Data as a Lens on Voters' Lifestyle: Theoretical Perspectives and Insights / Catherine Ouellet and Yannick Dufresne6 What's Behind Micro-Targeting? The Role of Party Members. Ethnography of a Data-Driven Campaign in Turin / Cecilia BiancalanaPart 3: Policy: Surveillance and Data Protection During the COVID-19 Pandemic7 Surveillance Capitalism Meets the Pandemic: Surveillance Challenges to the "Social Contract" / David Lyon8 The Use of COVID-19 Exposure Notification Apps in Canada: A Deep Dive in the Provincial Privacy Frameworks / Pierre-Luc DézielConclusion: Democracy as an Artifact / Julia Rone and Cecilia Biancalana

Cecilia Biancalana is a researcher in political science at the University of Turin. She has worked at the Istituto Carlo Cattaneo in Bologna and the Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli in Milan, and has served as a senior researcher at the Université de Lausanne, Switzerland.Eric Montigny is a professor of political science at Université Laval and co-director of the Laboratoire international associé sur les partis politiques, la représentation et le développement durable (International Laboratory on Political Parties, Representation, and Sustainable Development) in collaboration with the Université de Lausanne. He is an associate researcher in the Groupe de recherche en communication politique (Political Communication Research Group) and the research chair on democracy and parliamentary institutions at Université Laval.Contributors: Colin Bennett, François Blais, Pierre-Luc Déziel, Yannick Dufresne, David Lyon, Catherine Ouellet, François Pellegrini, Julia Rone, Pierre Trudel

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• Introduction: Towards an Artificial Democracy? / Eric Montigny and Cecilia BiancalanaPart 1: Polity: A Regulatory Framework for a Democratic Use of Data and AI1 Big Data and Electoral Democracy: The Epistemic Risk / François Blais2 Big Data: A Collective Resource of Connected Worlds / Pierre Trudel3 The Democratic Specifications / François PellegriniPart 2: Politics: Use of Data, Profiling, and Personalizing in Electioneering4 The Closing of Ranks: The Collusion of Federal Political Parties and the Resistance to Privacy Regulation / Colin J. Bennett5 Digital Data as a Lens on Voters' Lifestyle: Theoretical Perspectives and Insights / Catherine Ouellet and Yannick Dufresne6 What's Behind Micro-Targeting? The Role of Party Members. Ethnography of a Data-Driven Campaign in Turin / Cecilia BiancalanaPart 3: Policy: Surveillance and Data Protection During the COVID-19 Pandemic7 Surveillance Capitalism Meets the Pandemic: Surveillance Challenges to the "Social Contract" / David Lyon8 The Use of COVID-19 Exposure Notification Apps in Canada: A Deep Dive in the Provincial Privacy Frameworks / Pierre-Luc DézielConclusion: Democracy as an Artifact / Julia Rone and Cecilia Biancalana