Wim J. van der Steen is Professor of Philosophy of Biology at the Free University in Amsterdam.

• Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction 2. Concepts 2.1. The Logical and The Empirical2.2. Definitions2.3. Empirical Reference, Operationality and Coherence2.4. Concepts and Classifications2.5. Hard Cases2.6. Afterthoughts 3. Arguments and Fallacies 3.1. Deduction and Induction3.2. Evaluating Arguments3.3. Fallacies3.4. More on Induction3.5. Afterthoughts 4. Elements of Formal Logic 4.1. Propositional Logic4.2. Predicate Logic4.3. Inductive Logic4.4. Asides on Causation4.5. AfterthoughtsAppendix to Chapter 4 5. Scientific Research: An Overview 6. Hypotheses 6.1. Evaluating Hypotheses6.2. Testability and The Process of Testing6.3. Alternative Hypotheses6.4. Controlled Experimentation 7. Laws and Theories 7.1. Preliminaries7.2. Generality7.3. Coherence7.4. Concepts Revisited7.5. Afterthoughts 8. Explanation 8.1. Explanations as Arguments8.2. Causation, Prediction and Alternative Explanations8.3. Special Cases8.4. Afterthoughts 9. Facts and Values 9.1. Preliminaries9.2. Distinguishing Facts and Values9.3. Analysing Arguments: The Use of Methodology9.4. Deplorable Gaps9.5. Bias: Miscellaneous ExamplesAppendix to Chapter 9 10. Disciplines and Dutch Dikes Answers to Exercises Bibliography References Index

Wim J. van der Steen is Professor of Philosophy of Biology at the Free University in Amsterdam.

• Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction 2. Concepts 2.1. The Logical and The Empirical2.2. Definitions2.3. Empirical Reference, Operationality and Coherence2.4. Concepts and Classifications2.5. Hard Cases2.6. Afterthoughts 3. Arguments and Fallacies 3.1. Deduction and Induction3.2. Evaluating Arguments3.3. Fallacies3.4. More on Induction3.5. Afterthoughts 4. Elements of Formal Logic 4.1. Propositional Logic4.2. Predicate Logic4.3. Inductive Logic4.4. Asides on Causation4.5. AfterthoughtsAppendix to Chapter 4 5. Scientific Research: An Overview 6. Hypotheses 6.1. Evaluating Hypotheses6.2. Testability and The Process of Testing6.3. Alternative Hypotheses6.4. Controlled Experimentation 7. Laws and Theories 7.1. Preliminaries7.2. Generality7.3. Coherence7.4. Concepts Revisited7.5. Afterthoughts 8. Explanation 8.1. Explanations as Arguments8.2. Causation, Prediction and Alternative Explanations8.3. Special Cases8.4. Afterthoughts 9. Facts and Values 9.1. Preliminaries9.2. Distinguishing Facts and Values9.3. Analysing Arguments: The Use of Methodology9.4. Deplorable Gaps9.5. Bias: Miscellaneous ExamplesAppendix to Chapter 9 10. Disciplines and Dutch Dikes Answers to Exercises Bibliography References Index

Wim J. van der Steen is Professor of Philosophy of Biology at the Free University in Amsterdam.

• Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction 2. Concepts 2.1. The Logical and The Empirical2.2. Definitions2.3. Empirical Reference, Operationality and Coherence2.4. Concepts and Classifications2.5. Hard Cases2.6. Afterthoughts 3. Arguments and Fallacies 3.1. Deduction and Induction3.2. Evaluating Arguments3.3. Fallacies3.4. More on Induction3.5. Afterthoughts 4. Elements of Formal Logic 4.1. Propositional Logic4.2. Predicate Logic4.3. Inductive Logic4.4. Asides on Causation4.5. AfterthoughtsAppendix to Chapter 4 5. Scientific Research: An Overview 6. Hypotheses 6.1. Evaluating Hypotheses6.2. Testability and The Process of Testing6.3. Alternative Hypotheses6.4. Controlled Experimentation 7. Laws and Theories 7.1. Preliminaries7.2. Generality7.3. Coherence7.4. Concepts Revisited7.5. Afterthoughts 8. Explanation 8.1. Explanations as Arguments8.2. Causation, Prediction and Alternative Explanations8.3. Special Cases8.4. Afterthoughts 9. Facts and Values 9.1. Preliminaries9.2. Distinguishing Facts and Values9.3. Analysing Arguments: The Use of Methodology9.4. Deplorable Gaps9.5. Bias: Miscellaneous ExamplesAppendix to Chapter 9 10. Disciplines and Dutch Dikes Answers to Exercises Bibliography References Index