Brent L. Smith is Associate Professor of Criminal Justice and Sociology in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

"This is a much needed text dealing specifically with terrorism in the United States. The legal and political material is particularly useful, and the painstaking studies of groups and individuals make it a very useful tool for law enforcement, criminal justice, or political science students." — Stephen G. O'Brien, Macomb Community College

• Acknowledgments Introduction 1 Terrorists in the Criminal Justice System: Political and Conceptual Problems The FBI's Definition of Terrorism The FBI and the Politics of Terrorism The Attorney General's Guidelines Needles in the Haystack: Terrorists in the Justice System 2 The Extent of Terrorism in America General Trends in American Terrorism Terrorism Trends by Type of Group International terrorism Puerto Rican terrorism Jewish terrorism Left-wing terrorism Right-wing terrorism Special interest or single-issue terrorism General Conclusions about 1980s Trends 3 Extremists Right and Left Typologies of American Terrorists Characteristics of Left-Wing and Right-Wing American Terrorists Ideology Views on human nature and economic structure Base of operations Tactical approach Targets Profiling the American Terrorist Age Gender Ethnicity Education and occupation 4 The Righteous and the Extremists of the Right The Ku Klux Klan Sheriff's Posse Comitatus The Aryan Nations Covenant, Sword, and Arm of the Lord The Order 5 Right-Wing Terrorists Try a Comeback Bruder Schweigen Strike Force II (Order II) Arizona Patriots White Patriot Party Same Song, Second Verse The Future of Right-Wing Terrorism Recruiting for the Right What money might buy 6 Leftist and Single-Issue Terrorism Misconceptions Regarding Leftist Terrorism in America May 19th Communist Organization Republic of New Africa (New African Freedom Fighters) The United Freedom Front Puerto Rican Terrorism El Rukns Special Interest or Single-Issue Terrorism The Evan Mecham Eco-Terrorist International Conspiracy The Animal Liberation Front Summary and Conclusions 7 International Terrorist Activity in America Characteristics of International Terrorists in America Omega 7 Provisional Irish Republican Army The Valhalla incident The Redeye buyers The Libyan Threat Syrian Social Nationalist Party Japanese Red Army Amal Summary and Conclusions 8 Criminalizing Terrorism: Problems Without Easy Solutions Marx and Durkheim on Social Change Consensus explanations of governmental response Conflict explanations of governmental response Conflict and Consensus as Variables Exceptional vagueness Explicit politicality Broadened discretion in law enforcement 9 Punishing Terrorists Differential Treatment: Leftists, Rightists, and International Terrorists Variations in case outcomes Variations in sentencing Differential Sentencing Patterns: Terrorists and Traditional Criminals Legal traditions in federal sentencing Sentencing patterns: terrorists and traditional criminals Conclusions 10 Dream On: Facts and Fantasies about American Terrorism Some Conclusions about American Terrorism and American Terrorists The characteristics of terrorists The process of becoming a terrorist Investigative and prosecutorial discretion The function of juries and judges in terrorism trials The severity of punishment for terrorists Prospects for the Future Appendix Notes Index

Brent L. Smith is Associate Professor of Criminal Justice and Sociology in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

"This is a much needed text dealing specifically with terrorism in the United States. The legal and political material is particularly useful, and the painstaking studies of groups and individuals make it a very useful tool for law enforcement, criminal justice, or political science students." — Stephen G. O'Brien, Macomb Community College

• Acknowledgments Introduction 1 Terrorists in the Criminal Justice System: Political and Conceptual Problems The FBI's Definition of Terrorism The FBI and the Politics of Terrorism The Attorney General's Guidelines Needles in the Haystack: Terrorists in the Justice System 2 The Extent of Terrorism in America General Trends in American Terrorism Terrorism Trends by Type of Group International terrorism Puerto Rican terrorism Jewish terrorism Left-wing terrorism Right-wing terrorism Special interest or single-issue terrorism General Conclusions about 1980s Trends 3 Extremists Right and Left Typologies of American Terrorists Characteristics of Left-Wing and Right-Wing American Terrorists Ideology Views on human nature and economic structure Base of operations Tactical approach Targets Profiling the American Terrorist Age Gender Ethnicity Education and occupation 4 The Righteous and the Extremists of the Right The Ku Klux Klan Sheriff's Posse Comitatus The Aryan Nations Covenant, Sword, and Arm of the Lord The Order 5 Right-Wing Terrorists Try a Comeback Bruder Schweigen Strike Force II (Order II) Arizona Patriots White Patriot Party Same Song, Second Verse The Future of Right-Wing Terrorism Recruiting for the Right What money might buy 6 Leftist and Single-Issue Terrorism Misconceptions Regarding Leftist Terrorism in America May 19th Communist Organization Republic of New Africa (New African Freedom Fighters) The United Freedom Front Puerto Rican Terrorism El Rukns Special Interest or Single-Issue Terrorism The Evan Mecham Eco-Terrorist International Conspiracy The Animal Liberation Front Summary and Conclusions 7 International Terrorist Activity in America Characteristics of International Terrorists in America Omega 7 Provisional Irish Republican Army The Valhalla incident The Redeye buyers The Libyan Threat Syrian Social Nationalist Party Japanese Red Army Amal Summary and Conclusions 8 Criminalizing Terrorism: Problems Without Easy Solutions Marx and Durkheim on Social Change Consensus explanations of governmental response Conflict explanations of governmental response Conflict and Consensus as Variables Exceptional vagueness Explicit politicality Broadened discretion in law enforcement 9 Punishing Terrorists Differential Treatment: Leftists, Rightists, and International Terrorists Variations in case outcomes Variations in sentencing Differential Sentencing Patterns: Terrorists and Traditional Criminals Legal traditions in federal sentencing Sentencing patterns: terrorists and traditional criminals Conclusions 10 Dream On: Facts and Fantasies about American Terrorism Some Conclusions about American Terrorism and American Terrorists The characteristics of terrorists The process of becoming a terrorist Investigative and prosecutorial discretion The function of juries and judges in terrorism trials The severity of punishment for terrorists Prospects for the Future Appendix Notes Index

Brent L. Smith is Associate Professor of Criminal Justice and Sociology in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

"This is a much needed text dealing specifically with terrorism in the United States. The legal and political material is particularly useful, and the painstaking studies of groups and individuals make it a very useful tool for law enforcement, criminal justice, or political science students." — Stephen G. O'Brien, Macomb Community College

• Acknowledgments Introduction 1 Terrorists in the Criminal Justice System: Political and Conceptual Problems The FBI's Definition of Terrorism The FBI and the Politics of Terrorism The Attorney General's Guidelines Needles in the Haystack: Terrorists in the Justice System 2 The Extent of Terrorism in America General Trends in American Terrorism Terrorism Trends by Type of Group International terrorism Puerto Rican terrorism Jewish terrorism Left-wing terrorism Right-wing terrorism Special interest or single-issue terrorism General Conclusions about 1980s Trends 3 Extremists Right and Left Typologies of American Terrorists Characteristics of Left-Wing and Right-Wing American Terrorists Ideology Views on human nature and economic structure Base of operations Tactical approach Targets Profiling the American Terrorist Age Gender Ethnicity Education and occupation 4 The Righteous and the Extremists of the Right The Ku Klux Klan Sheriff's Posse Comitatus The Aryan Nations Covenant, Sword, and Arm of the Lord The Order 5 Right-Wing Terrorists Try a Comeback Bruder Schweigen Strike Force II (Order II) Arizona Patriots White Patriot Party Same Song, Second Verse The Future of Right-Wing Terrorism Recruiting for the Right What money might buy 6 Leftist and Single-Issue Terrorism Misconceptions Regarding Leftist Terrorism in America May 19th Communist Organization Republic of New Africa (New African Freedom Fighters) The United Freedom Front Puerto Rican Terrorism El Rukns Special Interest or Single-Issue Terrorism The Evan Mecham Eco-Terrorist International Conspiracy The Animal Liberation Front Summary and Conclusions 7 International Terrorist Activity in America Characteristics of International Terrorists in America Omega 7 Provisional Irish Republican Army The Valhalla incident The Redeye buyers The Libyan Threat Syrian Social Nationalist Party Japanese Red Army Amal Summary and Conclusions 8 Criminalizing Terrorism: Problems Without Easy Solutions Marx and Durkheim on Social Change Consensus explanations of governmental response Conflict explanations of governmental response Conflict and Consensus as Variables Exceptional vagueness Explicit politicality Broadened discretion in law enforcement 9 Punishing Terrorists Differential Treatment: Leftists, Rightists, and International Terrorists Variations in case outcomes Variations in sentencing Differential Sentencing Patterns: Terrorists and Traditional Criminals Legal traditions in federal sentencing Sentencing patterns: terrorists and traditional criminals Conclusions 10 Dream On: Facts and Fantasies about American Terrorism Some Conclusions about American Terrorism and American Terrorists The characteristics of terrorists The process of becoming a terrorist Investigative and prosecutorial discretion The function of juries and judges in terrorism trials The severity of punishment for terrorists Prospects for the Future Appendix Notes Index