Zhidong Hao is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Whittier College.

• List of Tables and Figures List of Abbreviations Foreword by Merle Goldman Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction: Toward a Political Sociology of China's Intellectuals Four Types of Intellectuals and Four Political RolesThe Ideological Foundations of Intellectuals' Political RolesEthical Dilemmas Facing IntellectualsThe Chinese Intellectual: A TypologyConclusions 2. From Uniformity to Fragmentation: Intellectuals in the Mao Era (1949–1976) and in the First Deng Period (1977–1989) A High Degree of Uniformity with Limited Resistance: The Mao Era (1949–1976)The Beginnings of Fragmentation: First Period of the Deng Era (1977–1989)Conclusions 3. Critical Intellectuals The Social Environment after 1989The Critical Intellectual Discourses The Democracy MovementOther Social Critics: Some ExamplesConclusions: the Politics of Critical Intellectuals 4. Bourgeoisified and Professionalized Intellectuals The Bourgeoisification of IntellectualsThe Professionalization of Intellectuals 5. Social Class and Organic Intellectuals Class and Class Structure in FormationOrganic IntellectualsConclusions: Contradictory Class Locations of Organic Intellectuals 6. Intellectuals as a Class Are Intellectuals a Class?Chinese Intellectuals as a ClassThe Elitist Flaw of the Intellectual ClassConclusions 7. Summary and Conclusion: The Future of China's Intellectuals The Changing Politics of China's Knowledge WorkersThe Future of China's Intellectuals Appendix: A Note on the Concept of the Intellectual Transition from Literati to Intellectuals: The Chinese StoryTransition from Philosophers to Intellectuals: The Western StoryDefinitions of the Modern Intellectual Notes Bibliography Index of Chinese Names and Phrases Subject and Name Index

Zhidong Hao is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Whittier College.

• List of Tables and Figures List of Abbreviations Foreword by Merle Goldman Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction: Toward a Political Sociology of China's Intellectuals Four Types of Intellectuals and Four Political RolesThe Ideological Foundations of Intellectuals' Political RolesEthical Dilemmas Facing IntellectualsThe Chinese Intellectual: A TypologyConclusions 2. From Uniformity to Fragmentation: Intellectuals in the Mao Era (1949–1976) and in the First Deng Period (1977–1989) A High Degree of Uniformity with Limited Resistance: The Mao Era (1949–1976)The Beginnings of Fragmentation: First Period of the Deng Era (1977–1989)Conclusions 3. Critical Intellectuals The Social Environment after 1989The Critical Intellectual Discourses The Democracy MovementOther Social Critics: Some ExamplesConclusions: the Politics of Critical Intellectuals 4. Bourgeoisified and Professionalized Intellectuals The Bourgeoisification of IntellectualsThe Professionalization of Intellectuals 5. Social Class and Organic Intellectuals Class and Class Structure in FormationOrganic IntellectualsConclusions: Contradictory Class Locations of Organic Intellectuals 6. Intellectuals as a Class Are Intellectuals a Class?Chinese Intellectuals as a ClassThe Elitist Flaw of the Intellectual ClassConclusions 7. Summary and Conclusion: The Future of China's Intellectuals The Changing Politics of China's Knowledge WorkersThe Future of China's Intellectuals Appendix: A Note on the Concept of the Intellectual Transition from Literati to Intellectuals: The Chinese StoryTransition from Philosophers to Intellectuals: The Western StoryDefinitions of the Modern Intellectual Notes Bibliography Index of Chinese Names and Phrases Subject and Name Index

Zhidong Hao is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Whittier College.

• List of Tables and Figures List of Abbreviations Foreword by Merle Goldman Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction: Toward a Political Sociology of China's Intellectuals Four Types of Intellectuals and Four Political RolesThe Ideological Foundations of Intellectuals' Political RolesEthical Dilemmas Facing IntellectualsThe Chinese Intellectual: A TypologyConclusions 2. From Uniformity to Fragmentation: Intellectuals in the Mao Era (1949–1976) and in the First Deng Period (1977–1989) A High Degree of Uniformity with Limited Resistance: The Mao Era (1949–1976)The Beginnings of Fragmentation: First Period of the Deng Era (1977–1989)Conclusions 3. Critical Intellectuals The Social Environment after 1989The Critical Intellectual Discourses The Democracy MovementOther Social Critics: Some ExamplesConclusions: the Politics of Critical Intellectuals 4. Bourgeoisified and Professionalized Intellectuals The Bourgeoisification of IntellectualsThe Professionalization of Intellectuals 5. Social Class and Organic Intellectuals Class and Class Structure in FormationOrganic IntellectualsConclusions: Contradictory Class Locations of Organic Intellectuals 6. Intellectuals as a Class Are Intellectuals a Class?Chinese Intellectuals as a ClassThe Elitist Flaw of the Intellectual ClassConclusions 7. Summary and Conclusion: The Future of China's Intellectuals The Changing Politics of China's Knowledge WorkersThe Future of China's Intellectuals Appendix: A Note on the Concept of the Intellectual Transition from Literati to Intellectuals: The Chinese StoryTransition from Philosophers to Intellectuals: The Western StoryDefinitions of the Modern Intellectual Notes Bibliography Index of Chinese Names and Phrases Subject and Name Index