Malcolm D. Holmes is Professor of Sociology at the University of Wyoming. Brad W. Smith is Associate Professor of Criminal Justice at Wayne State University.

"In Race and Police Brutality, Malcolm D. Holmes and Brad W. Smith provide a fresh and reinvigorating look at police brutality, quite successfully synthesizing a new theoretical perspective by drawing on empirical research from multiple disciplines." — Journal of American Ethnic History"This book is a very accessible read. It looks at the current evidence for race-related police brutality in the USA and offers a useful explanatory model." — Policing"This well-written and thoughtful book represents an excellent blending of sociological, social-psychological, and traditional criminological research traditions and perspectives. I am hard pressed to name any other book that is completely comparable in terms of the breadth and depth of its coverage of its topic, and it is a groundbreaker of sorts, especially in terms of its updating of the literature. It will be a quick reference for those doing research on race and brutality issues." — Darnell F. Hawkins, editor of Ethnicity, Race, and Crime: Perspectives Across Time and Place"A model of theoretical synthesis, sound and thorough research, and clear writing, this book would be appropriate for courses in police studies, criminology, race, and even research methods." — Norman Weiner, State University of New York at Oswego

• PrefaceAcknowledgments1. THE NATURE OF POLICE BRUTALITYWhat Is Police Brutality?How Can Police Brutality Be Explained?Outline of an Alternative Theory2. SOCIAL THREAT AND POLICE VIOLENCEPolice Organization and Police Violence in American HistoryGroup-Conflict TheoryPolice-Minority ConflictPolice-Minority Conflicts and Police Violence3. SOCIAL IDENTITY AND INGROUP BIASCognitive Perspectives on Intergroup RelationsThe Social Identity ModelSocial Identity and PolicingRacial and Ethnic IdentitySocial Identity and Police-Minority Relations4. STEREOTYPING AND OUTGROUP BIASThe Information Processing ModelCultural Stereotypes of Race and CrimeStereotyping and the Working Personality of the Police OfficerMinority Stereotypes of PoliceStereotypes and Police-Minority Relations5. THE EMOTIONAL ROOTS OF INTERGROUP RELATIONSThe Nature of Human EmotionsThe Emotions of the PoliceThe Emotions of Minority CitizensEmotion and Cognition in Police-Minority Relations6. TRANSLATING INTERGROUP BIASES INTO INTERGROUP AGGRESSIONThe Dimensions of Intergroup RelationsThe Emotional and Cognitive Foundation of AggressionThe Inseparability of Emotional and Cognitive Responses7. A SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL, AND COGNITIVE THEORY OF EXCESSIVE FORCEBackground Variables and Psychological PreconditionsThreatening Situations and Mental ResponsesMediators of Police BrutalityIs Police Brutality Inevitable?8. CAN POPULAR POLICIES REDUCE POLICE BRUTALITY?Changing Police Organizations to Change Police BehaviorProspects for Organizational Reforms9. ROOTS OF AN URBAN DILEMMANotesReferencesIndex

Malcolm D. Holmes is Professor of Sociology at the University of Wyoming. Brad W. Smith is Associate Professor of Criminal Justice at Wayne State University.

"In Race and Police Brutality, Malcolm D. Holmes and Brad W. Smith provide a fresh and reinvigorating look at police brutality, quite successfully synthesizing a new theoretical perspective by drawing on empirical research from multiple disciplines." — Journal of American Ethnic History"This book is a very accessible read. It looks at the current evidence for race-related police brutality in the USA and offers a useful explanatory model." — Policing"This well-written and thoughtful book represents an excellent blending of sociological, social-psychological, and traditional criminological research traditions and perspectives. I am hard pressed to name any other book that is completely comparable in terms of the breadth and depth of its coverage of its topic, and it is a groundbreaker of sorts, especially in terms of its updating of the literature. It will be a quick reference for those doing research on race and brutality issues." — Darnell F. Hawkins, editor of Ethnicity, Race, and Crime: Perspectives Across Time and Place"A model of theoretical synthesis, sound and thorough research, and clear writing, this book would be appropriate for courses in police studies, criminology, race, and even research methods." — Norman Weiner, State University of New York at Oswego

• PrefaceAcknowledgments1. THE NATURE OF POLICE BRUTALITYWhat Is Police Brutality?How Can Police Brutality Be Explained?Outline of an Alternative Theory2. SOCIAL THREAT AND POLICE VIOLENCEPolice Organization and Police Violence in American HistoryGroup-Conflict TheoryPolice-Minority ConflictPolice-Minority Conflicts and Police Violence3. SOCIAL IDENTITY AND INGROUP BIASCognitive Perspectives on Intergroup RelationsThe Social Identity ModelSocial Identity and PolicingRacial and Ethnic IdentitySocial Identity and Police-Minority Relations4. STEREOTYPING AND OUTGROUP BIASThe Information Processing ModelCultural Stereotypes of Race and CrimeStereotyping and the Working Personality of the Police OfficerMinority Stereotypes of PoliceStereotypes and Police-Minority Relations5. THE EMOTIONAL ROOTS OF INTERGROUP RELATIONSThe Nature of Human EmotionsThe Emotions of the PoliceThe Emotions of Minority CitizensEmotion and Cognition in Police-Minority Relations6. TRANSLATING INTERGROUP BIASES INTO INTERGROUP AGGRESSIONThe Dimensions of Intergroup RelationsThe Emotional and Cognitive Foundation of AggressionThe Inseparability of Emotional and Cognitive Responses7. A SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL, AND COGNITIVE THEORY OF EXCESSIVE FORCEBackground Variables and Psychological PreconditionsThreatening Situations and Mental ResponsesMediators of Police BrutalityIs Police Brutality Inevitable?8. CAN POPULAR POLICIES REDUCE POLICE BRUTALITY?Changing Police Organizations to Change Police BehaviorProspects for Organizational Reforms9. ROOTS OF AN URBAN DILEMMANotesReferencesIndex

Malcolm D. Holmes is Professor of Sociology at the University of Wyoming. Brad W. Smith is Associate Professor of Criminal Justice at Wayne State University.

"In Race and Police Brutality, Malcolm D. Holmes and Brad W. Smith provide a fresh and reinvigorating look at police brutality, quite successfully synthesizing a new theoretical perspective by drawing on empirical research from multiple disciplines." — Journal of American Ethnic History"This book is a very accessible read. It looks at the current evidence for race-related police brutality in the USA and offers a useful explanatory model." — Policing"This well-written and thoughtful book represents an excellent blending of sociological, social-psychological, and traditional criminological research traditions and perspectives. I am hard pressed to name any other book that is completely comparable in terms of the breadth and depth of its coverage of its topic, and it is a groundbreaker of sorts, especially in terms of its updating of the literature. It will be a quick reference for those doing research on race and brutality issues." — Darnell F. Hawkins, editor of Ethnicity, Race, and Crime: Perspectives Across Time and Place"A model of theoretical synthesis, sound and thorough research, and clear writing, this book would be appropriate for courses in police studies, criminology, race, and even research methods." — Norman Weiner, State University of New York at Oswego

• PrefaceAcknowledgments1. THE NATURE OF POLICE BRUTALITYWhat Is Police Brutality?How Can Police Brutality Be Explained?Outline of an Alternative Theory2. SOCIAL THREAT AND POLICE VIOLENCEPolice Organization and Police Violence in American HistoryGroup-Conflict TheoryPolice-Minority ConflictPolice-Minority Conflicts and Police Violence3. SOCIAL IDENTITY AND INGROUP BIASCognitive Perspectives on Intergroup RelationsThe Social Identity ModelSocial Identity and PolicingRacial and Ethnic IdentitySocial Identity and Police-Minority Relations4. STEREOTYPING AND OUTGROUP BIASThe Information Processing ModelCultural Stereotypes of Race and CrimeStereotyping and the Working Personality of the Police OfficerMinority Stereotypes of PoliceStereotypes and Police-Minority Relations5. THE EMOTIONAL ROOTS OF INTERGROUP RELATIONSThe Nature of Human EmotionsThe Emotions of the PoliceThe Emotions of Minority CitizensEmotion and Cognition in Police-Minority Relations6. TRANSLATING INTERGROUP BIASES INTO INTERGROUP AGGRESSIONThe Dimensions of Intergroup RelationsThe Emotional and Cognitive Foundation of AggressionThe Inseparability of Emotional and Cognitive Responses7. A SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL, AND COGNITIVE THEORY OF EXCESSIVE FORCEBackground Variables and Psychological PreconditionsThreatening Situations and Mental ResponsesMediators of Police BrutalityIs Police Brutality Inevitable?8. CAN POPULAR POLICIES REDUCE POLICE BRUTALITY?Changing Police Organizations to Change Police BehaviorProspects for Organizational Reforms9. ROOTS OF AN URBAN DILEMMANotesReferencesIndex