This text documents an approach to explaining the existence of firms and markets, focusing on variability and co-ordination. It stands in contrast to the emphasis on transaction costs, and on monitoring and incentive structures, which are prominent in most of the modern literature in this field. This approach, called the variability approach, allows us to: show why both the need for communication and the co-ordination costs increase when the division of labour increases; explain why, while the firm relies on direction, the market does not; rigorously formulate the optimum divisionalization problem; better understand the relationship between technology and organization; show why the "size" of the firm is limited; and refine the analysis of whether the existence of a sharable input, or the presence of an external effect, leads to the emergence of a firm.

This text documents an approach to explaining the existence of firms and markets, focusing on variability and co-ordination. It stands in contrast to the emphasis on transaction costs, and on monitoring and incentive structures, which are prominent in most of the modern literature in this field. This approach, called the variability approach, allows us to: show why both the need for communication and the co-ordination costs increase when the division of labour increases; explain why, while the firm relies on direction, the market does not; rigorously formulate the optimum divisionalization problem; better understand the relationship between technology and organization; show why the "size" of the firm is limited; and refine the analysis of whether the existence of a sharable input, or the presence of an external effect, leads to the emergence of a firm.

This text documents an approach to explaining the existence of firms and markets, focusing on variability and co-ordination. It stands in contrast to the emphasis on transaction costs, and on monitoring and incentive structures, which are prominent in most of the modern literature in this field. This approach, called the variability approach, allows us to: show why both the need for communication and the co-ordination costs increase when the division of labour increases; explain why, while the firm relies on direction, the market does not; rigorously formulate the optimum divisionalization problem; better understand the relationship between technology and organization; show why the "size" of the firm is limited; and refine the analysis of whether the existence of a sharable input, or the presence of an external effect, leads to the emergence of a firm.