Richard D. E. Burton has retired as Professor of French and Francophone Literature at the University of Sussex. He is the author of Blood in the City: Violence and Revelation in Paris, 1789-1945 (a Times Literary Supplement Book of the Year, 2002) and Afro-Creole: Power, Opposition, and Play in the Caribbean (both from Cornell), and of two books on Baudelaire.

"The doctrine of mystical substitution, sometimes known as vicarious suffering, calls upon innocent believers to endure hunger, poverty, sickness, and even stigmata in order to redeem a corrupt world. Richard D. E. Burton's provoking book demonstrates the extent to which the doctrine permeated French Catholic discourse and religious practice during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as radical Catholics sought to redeem France from secular republicanism."—Sarah Howard, Times Literary Supplement, October 15, 2004

Richard D. E. Burton has retired as Professor of French and Francophone Literature at the University of Sussex. He is the author of Blood in the City: Violence and Revelation in Paris, 1789-1945 (a Times Literary Supplement Book of the Year, 2002) and Afro-Creole: Power, Opposition, and Play in the Caribbean (both from Cornell), and of two books on Baudelaire.

"The doctrine of mystical substitution, sometimes known as vicarious suffering, calls upon innocent believers to endure hunger, poverty, sickness, and even stigmata in order to redeem a corrupt world. Richard D. E. Burton's provoking book demonstrates the extent to which the doctrine permeated French Catholic discourse and religious practice during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as radical Catholics sought to redeem France from secular republicanism."—Sarah Howard, Times Literary Supplement, October 15, 2004

Richard D. E. Burton has retired as Professor of French and Francophone Literature at the University of Sussex. He is the author of Blood in the City: Violence and Revelation in Paris, 1789-1945 (a Times Literary Supplement Book of the Year, 2002) and Afro-Creole: Power, Opposition, and Play in the Caribbean (both from Cornell), and of two books on Baudelaire.

"The doctrine of mystical substitution, sometimes known as vicarious suffering, calls upon innocent believers to endure hunger, poverty, sickness, and even stigmata in order to redeem a corrupt world. Richard D. E. Burton's provoking book demonstrates the extent to which the doctrine permeated French Catholic discourse and religious practice during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as radical Catholics sought to redeem France from secular republicanism."—Sarah Howard, Times Literary Supplement, October 15, 2004