James Porter is Professor of Ecology and Marine Sciences at the Institute of Ecology at the University of Georgia.Cheryl Woodley is the Chair of the Coral Disease and Health Consortium for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

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• Contributors ixAcknowledgements xiiEditors’ Comment: Recent Changes in Coral Taxonomy xiii1 Introduction 1James W. Porter2 Pathology 4Cheryl M. Woodley, Russell A. Harley, James H. Nicholson and Taylor L. Reynolds3 Etiology 16Michael Thrusfield4 Epidemiology 28Michael Thrusfield5 History of Coral Disease Research 52Andrew W. Bruckner6 Anatomy 85Esther C. Peters7 Morphological, Physiological and Cytological Aspects of Reproduction in Scleractinian Corals 108Esti Kramarsky‐Winter8 The Innate Immune System in Cnidarians 125Thomas C. G. Bosch and Philip Rosenstiel9 Endocrine‐Like Signaling in Corals 138Ann M. Tarrant10 Heterotrophic Nutrition of Tropical, Temperate and Deep‐Sea Corals 150Fanny Houlbrèque, Riccardo Rodolfo‐Metalpa and Christine Ferrier‐Pagès11 Nervous System: Morphology and Physiology of Cnidarian Conducting Systems 164Gabriele Kass‐Simon and Linda A. Hufnagel12 Physiology of Skeletogenesis in Scleractinian Coral 192Fuad A. Al‐Horani13 Vibriosis 206Luba Arotsker and Ariel Kushmaro14 Acroporid Serratiosis 221Kathryn Patterson Sutherland, Erin K. Lipp and James W. Porter15 Aurantimonas coralicida—White Plague Type II 231Laurie L. Richardson16 Aspergillosis of Caribbean Sea Fan Corals, Gorgonia spp. 236Kiho Kim and Krystal Rypien17 Mechanical Lesions and Corallivory 242Andrew W. Bruckner and Robin J. Bruckner18 Coral Bleaching: The Roles of Sea Temperature and Solar Radiation 266Barbara E. Brown and Richard P. Dunne19 Viruses and Coral Disease 284William H. Wilson and Cheryl M. Woodley20 Skeletal Growth Anomalies in Corals 291Thierry M. Work, Longin T. Kaczmarsky and Esther C. Peters21 White Syndromes of Indo‐Pacific Corals 300David G. Bourne, Tracy D. Ainsworth and Bette L. Willis22 White Syndromes of Western Atlantic Reef‐Building Corals 316Andrew W. Bruckner23 Indo‐Pacific Colored‐Band Diseases of Corals 333Laurie J. Raymundo and Ernesto Weil24 Cyanobacterial‐Associated Colored‐Band Diseases of the Atlantic/Caribbean 345Laurie L. Richardson, Aaron W. Miller, Patricia L. Blackwelder and Husain Al‐Sayegh25 Dark‐Spots Disease 354Thierry M. Work and Ernesto Weil26 Halofolliculina Ciliate Infections on Corals (Skeletal Eroding Disease) 361Cathie A. Page, Aldo Cróquer, Carolina Bastidas, Sebastian Rodríguez, Stephen J. Neale, Ernesto Weil and Bette L. Willis27 Yellow‐Band Diseases 376Andrew W. Bruckner and Bernhard Riegl28 Porites Trematodiasis 387Greta Smith Aeby29 Pink‐Line Syndrome 391Jeyaraman Ravindran, C. Raghukumar and B. Manikandan30 Coral “Bleaching” as a Generalized Stress Response to Environmental Disturbance 396Andrew C. Baker and Ross Cunning31 Diseases of Octocorals, 410Kiho Kim32 The Diseases of Deep‐Water Corals 416Alex David Rogers, Kirsty M. Kemp, Andrew J. Davies and Michelle Lisa Taylor33 Biocontainment Practices for Coral Disease Research 442Dušan Palić, Janet V. Warg and Thierry M. Work34 Closing Pandora’s Box: Regulations and Permitting Considerations for Coral Disease Research 458David Gulko, Cheryl M. Woodley and Sylvia B. Galloway35 Coral Regeneration Assay 472Elizabeth F. Moses and Pamela Hallock36 Coral Tissue Culture and Micropropagation 482Maya Vizel and Esti Kramarsky‐Winter37 Coral Cell and Tissue Culture Methods 489Isabelle Domart‐Coulon and Gary K. Ostrander38 Theory and Application of Pulse Amplitude Modulated Chlorophyll Fluorometry in Coral HealthAssessment 506Peter J. Ralph, Ross Hill, Martina A. Doblin and Simon K. Davy39 Zooxanthellae Viability Assay 524Martina M. Burtscher, Lisa A. May, Craig A. Downs and Thomas Bartlett40 Quantifying Total Porphyrin Species from Scleractinian Coral Tissue Extracts 538Cheryl M. Woodley, Athena R. Burnett and Craig A. Downs41 Chemiluminescent Method for Quantifying DNA Abasic Lesions in Scleractinian Coral Tissues 547Lisa A. May and Cheryl M. WoodleyGlossary 556Index 570

James Porter is Professor of Ecology and Marine Sciences at the Institute of Ecology at the University of Georgia.Cheryl Woodley is the Chair of the Coral Disease and Health Consortium for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

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• Contributors ixAcknowledgements xiiEditors’ Comment: Recent Changes in Coral Taxonomy xiii1 Introduction 1James W. Porter2 Pathology 4Cheryl M. Woodley, Russell A. Harley, James H. Nicholson and Taylor L. Reynolds3 Etiology 16Michael Thrusfield4 Epidemiology 28Michael Thrusfield5 History of Coral Disease Research 52Andrew W. Bruckner6 Anatomy 85Esther C. Peters7 Morphological, Physiological and Cytological Aspects of Reproduction in Scleractinian Corals 108Esti Kramarsky‐Winter8 The Innate Immune System in Cnidarians 125Thomas C. G. Bosch and Philip Rosenstiel9 Endocrine‐Like Signaling in Corals 138Ann M. Tarrant10 Heterotrophic Nutrition of Tropical, Temperate and Deep‐Sea Corals 150Fanny Houlbrèque, Riccardo Rodolfo‐Metalpa and Christine Ferrier‐Pagès11 Nervous System: Morphology and Physiology of Cnidarian Conducting Systems 164Gabriele Kass‐Simon and Linda A. Hufnagel12 Physiology of Skeletogenesis in Scleractinian Coral 192Fuad A. Al‐Horani13 Vibriosis 206Luba Arotsker and Ariel Kushmaro14 Acroporid Serratiosis 221Kathryn Patterson Sutherland, Erin K. Lipp and James W. Porter15 Aurantimonas coralicida—White Plague Type II 231Laurie L. Richardson16 Aspergillosis of Caribbean Sea Fan Corals, Gorgonia spp. 236Kiho Kim and Krystal Rypien17 Mechanical Lesions and Corallivory 242Andrew W. Bruckner and Robin J. Bruckner18 Coral Bleaching: The Roles of Sea Temperature and Solar Radiation 266Barbara E. Brown and Richard P. Dunne19 Viruses and Coral Disease 284William H. Wilson and Cheryl M. Woodley20 Skeletal Growth Anomalies in Corals 291Thierry M. Work, Longin T. Kaczmarsky and Esther C. Peters21 White Syndromes of Indo‐Pacific Corals 300David G. Bourne, Tracy D. Ainsworth and Bette L. Willis22 White Syndromes of Western Atlantic Reef‐Building Corals 316Andrew W. Bruckner23 Indo‐Pacific Colored‐Band Diseases of Corals 333Laurie J. Raymundo and Ernesto Weil24 Cyanobacterial‐Associated Colored‐Band Diseases of the Atlantic/Caribbean 345Laurie L. Richardson, Aaron W. Miller, Patricia L. Blackwelder and Husain Al‐Sayegh25 Dark‐Spots Disease 354Thierry M. Work and Ernesto Weil26 Halofolliculina Ciliate Infections on Corals (Skeletal Eroding Disease) 361Cathie A. Page, Aldo Cróquer, Carolina Bastidas, Sebastian Rodríguez, Stephen J. Neale, Ernesto Weil and Bette L. Willis27 Yellow‐Band Diseases 376Andrew W. Bruckner and Bernhard Riegl28 Porites Trematodiasis 387Greta Smith Aeby29 Pink‐Line Syndrome 391Jeyaraman Ravindran, C. Raghukumar and B. Manikandan30 Coral “Bleaching” as a Generalized Stress Response to Environmental Disturbance 396Andrew C. Baker and Ross Cunning31 Diseases of Octocorals, 410Kiho Kim32 The Diseases of Deep‐Water Corals 416Alex David Rogers, Kirsty M. Kemp, Andrew J. Davies and Michelle Lisa Taylor33 Biocontainment Practices for Coral Disease Research 442Dušan Palić, Janet V. Warg and Thierry M. Work34 Closing Pandora’s Box: Regulations and Permitting Considerations for Coral Disease Research 458David Gulko, Cheryl M. Woodley and Sylvia B. Galloway35 Coral Regeneration Assay 472Elizabeth F. Moses and Pamela Hallock36 Coral Tissue Culture and Micropropagation 482Maya Vizel and Esti Kramarsky‐Winter37 Coral Cell and Tissue Culture Methods 489Isabelle Domart‐Coulon and Gary K. Ostrander38 Theory and Application of Pulse Amplitude Modulated Chlorophyll Fluorometry in Coral HealthAssessment 506Peter J. Ralph, Ross Hill, Martina A. Doblin and Simon K. Davy39 Zooxanthellae Viability Assay 524Martina M. Burtscher, Lisa A. May, Craig A. Downs and Thomas Bartlett40 Quantifying Total Porphyrin Species from Scleractinian Coral Tissue Extracts 538Cheryl M. Woodley, Athena R. Burnett and Craig A. Downs41 Chemiluminescent Method for Quantifying DNA Abasic Lesions in Scleractinian Coral Tissues 547Lisa A. May and Cheryl M. WoodleyGlossary 556Index 570

James Porter is Professor of Ecology and Marine Sciences at the Institute of Ecology at the University of Georgia.Cheryl Woodley is the Chair of the Coral Disease and Health Consortium for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

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• Contributors ixAcknowledgements xiiEditors’ Comment: Recent Changes in Coral Taxonomy xiii1 Introduction 1James W. Porter2 Pathology 4Cheryl M. Woodley, Russell A. Harley, James H. Nicholson and Taylor L. Reynolds3 Etiology 16Michael Thrusfield4 Epidemiology 28Michael Thrusfield5 History of Coral Disease Research 52Andrew W. Bruckner6 Anatomy 85Esther C. Peters7 Morphological, Physiological and Cytological Aspects of Reproduction in Scleractinian Corals 108Esti Kramarsky‐Winter8 The Innate Immune System in Cnidarians 125Thomas C. G. Bosch and Philip Rosenstiel9 Endocrine‐Like Signaling in Corals 138Ann M. Tarrant10 Heterotrophic Nutrition of Tropical, Temperate and Deep‐Sea Corals 150Fanny Houlbrèque, Riccardo Rodolfo‐Metalpa and Christine Ferrier‐Pagès11 Nervous System: Morphology and Physiology of Cnidarian Conducting Systems 164Gabriele Kass‐Simon and Linda A. Hufnagel12 Physiology of Skeletogenesis in Scleractinian Coral 192Fuad A. Al‐Horani13 Vibriosis 206Luba Arotsker and Ariel Kushmaro14 Acroporid Serratiosis 221Kathryn Patterson Sutherland, Erin K. Lipp and James W. Porter15 Aurantimonas coralicida—White Plague Type II 231Laurie L. Richardson16 Aspergillosis of Caribbean Sea Fan Corals, Gorgonia spp. 236Kiho Kim and Krystal Rypien17 Mechanical Lesions and Corallivory 242Andrew W. Bruckner and Robin J. Bruckner18 Coral Bleaching: The Roles of Sea Temperature and Solar Radiation 266Barbara E. Brown and Richard P. Dunne19 Viruses and Coral Disease 284William H. Wilson and Cheryl M. Woodley20 Skeletal Growth Anomalies in Corals 291Thierry M. Work, Longin T. Kaczmarsky and Esther C. Peters21 White Syndromes of Indo‐Pacific Corals 300David G. Bourne, Tracy D. Ainsworth and Bette L. Willis22 White Syndromes of Western Atlantic Reef‐Building Corals 316Andrew W. Bruckner23 Indo‐Pacific Colored‐Band Diseases of Corals 333Laurie J. Raymundo and Ernesto Weil24 Cyanobacterial‐Associated Colored‐Band Diseases of the Atlantic/Caribbean 345Laurie L. Richardson, Aaron W. Miller, Patricia L. Blackwelder and Husain Al‐Sayegh25 Dark‐Spots Disease 354Thierry M. Work and Ernesto Weil26 Halofolliculina Ciliate Infections on Corals (Skeletal Eroding Disease) 361Cathie A. Page, Aldo Cróquer, Carolina Bastidas, Sebastian Rodríguez, Stephen J. Neale, Ernesto Weil and Bette L. Willis27 Yellow‐Band Diseases 376Andrew W. Bruckner and Bernhard Riegl28 Porites Trematodiasis 387Greta Smith Aeby29 Pink‐Line Syndrome 391Jeyaraman Ravindran, C. Raghukumar and B. Manikandan30 Coral “Bleaching” as a Generalized Stress Response to Environmental Disturbance 396Andrew C. Baker and Ross Cunning31 Diseases of Octocorals, 410Kiho Kim32 The Diseases of Deep‐Water Corals 416Alex David Rogers, Kirsty M. Kemp, Andrew J. Davies and Michelle Lisa Taylor33 Biocontainment Practices for Coral Disease Research 442Dušan Palić, Janet V. Warg and Thierry M. Work34 Closing Pandora’s Box: Regulations and Permitting Considerations for Coral Disease Research 458David Gulko, Cheryl M. Woodley and Sylvia B. Galloway35 Coral Regeneration Assay 472Elizabeth F. Moses and Pamela Hallock36 Coral Tissue Culture and Micropropagation 482Maya Vizel and Esti Kramarsky‐Winter37 Coral Cell and Tissue Culture Methods 489Isabelle Domart‐Coulon and Gary K. Ostrander38 Theory and Application of Pulse Amplitude Modulated Chlorophyll Fluorometry in Coral HealthAssessment 506Peter J. Ralph, Ross Hill, Martina A. Doblin and Simon K. Davy39 Zooxanthellae Viability Assay 524Martina M. Burtscher, Lisa A. May, Craig A. Downs and Thomas Bartlett40 Quantifying Total Porphyrin Species from Scleractinian Coral Tissue Extracts 538Cheryl M. Woodley, Athena R. Burnett and Craig A. Downs41 Chemiluminescent Method for Quantifying DNA Abasic Lesions in Scleractinian Coral Tissues 547Lisa A. May and Cheryl M. WoodleyGlossary 556Index 570