Andrew J. O’Shaughnessy is the author of The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire.John A. Ragosta is a historian at the Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies at Monticello and the author of Patrick Henry: Proclaiming a Revolution.Marie-Jeanne Rossignol is Professor of North American Studies at Université Paris Cité and the author of The Nationalist Ferment: The Origins of U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789-1812.

“The American Revolution was an international, not just domestic conflict as American battles for nationhood became part of a longer siege for political, economic, and social freedoms. The authors of this collection’s engaging, insightful essays illuminate how European nations and individuals advanced radical aims, intentional or not, while navigating military challenges and pursuing their own particular interests as they assisted Americans. This volume is a valuable contribution to a reanalysis of international power politics within histories of the revolutionary Atlantic World.” - Holly A. Mayer, Duquesne University, editor of Women Waging War in the American Revolution“It is especially easy for Americans to forget that the American Revolution involved more than the creation of a new nation. As the editors and contributors to this thought-provoking volume appreciate, America's Revolution occurred during a broader age of revolution, and that what happened on one side of the ocean had profound implications for what transpired on the other. These essays are a compelling reminder that we must consider the birth of the United States in its proper context.” - Patrick Griffin, University of Notre Dame, author of The Age of Atlantic Revolution: The Fall and Rise of a Connected World

• IntroductionAcknowledgments1. American Nationality: A French Invention?2. Ideology AND Interest: Free Trade, the League of Armed Neutrality, and the American Revolution3. 'Sir, I have not yet begun to fight!': John Paul Jones' Friends in the Dutch Republic, 1779-17804. Season, Winds and Sea: The Improbable Route of de Grasse to the Chesapeake5. The Battle of the Chesapeake from the Quarterdeck6. Bernardo de Gálvez: Friend of the American Revolution, Friend of Empire7. Old Partners & Intersecting Interests: Trade and Diplomacy between Portugal and the United States during the Era of George Washington (c. 1781-1805)8. Lafayette’s Encouragement of American Constitutional Reform, 1783-17899. The French Liberal Nobles in the Age of RevolutionAfterword : Studying Atlantic History with Jacques Godechot and Robert R. Palmer

Andrew J. O’Shaughnessy is the author of The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire.John A. Ragosta is a historian at the Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies at Monticello and the author of Patrick Henry: Proclaiming a Revolution.Marie-Jeanne Rossignol is Professor of North American Studies at Université Paris Cité and the author of The Nationalist Ferment: The Origins of U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789-1812.

“The American Revolution was an international, not just domestic conflict as American battles for nationhood became part of a longer siege for political, economic, and social freedoms. The authors of this collection’s engaging, insightful essays illuminate how European nations and individuals advanced radical aims, intentional or not, while navigating military challenges and pursuing their own particular interests as they assisted Americans. This volume is a valuable contribution to a reanalysis of international power politics within histories of the revolutionary Atlantic World.” - Holly A. Mayer, Duquesne University, editor of Women Waging War in the American Revolution“It is especially easy for Americans to forget that the American Revolution involved more than the creation of a new nation. As the editors and contributors to this thought-provoking volume appreciate, America's Revolution occurred during a broader age of revolution, and that what happened on one side of the ocean had profound implications for what transpired on the other. These essays are a compelling reminder that we must consider the birth of the United States in its proper context.” - Patrick Griffin, University of Notre Dame, author of The Age of Atlantic Revolution: The Fall and Rise of a Connected World

• IntroductionAcknowledgments1. American Nationality: A French Invention?2. Ideology AND Interest: Free Trade, the League of Armed Neutrality, and the American Revolution3. 'Sir, I have not yet begun to fight!': John Paul Jones' Friends in the Dutch Republic, 1779-17804. Season, Winds and Sea: The Improbable Route of de Grasse to the Chesapeake5. The Battle of the Chesapeake from the Quarterdeck6. Bernardo de Gálvez: Friend of the American Revolution, Friend of Empire7. Old Partners & Intersecting Interests: Trade and Diplomacy between Portugal and the United States during the Era of George Washington (c. 1781-1805)8. Lafayette’s Encouragement of American Constitutional Reform, 1783-17899. The French Liberal Nobles in the Age of RevolutionAfterword : Studying Atlantic History with Jacques Godechot and Robert R. Palmer

Andrew J. O’Shaughnessy is the author of The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire.John A. Ragosta is a historian at the Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies at Monticello and the author of Patrick Henry: Proclaiming a Revolution.Marie-Jeanne Rossignol is Professor of North American Studies at Université Paris Cité and the author of The Nationalist Ferment: The Origins of U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789-1812.

“The American Revolution was an international, not just domestic conflict as American battles for nationhood became part of a longer siege for political, economic, and social freedoms. The authors of this collection’s engaging, insightful essays illuminate how European nations and individuals advanced radical aims, intentional or not, while navigating military challenges and pursuing their own particular interests as they assisted Americans. This volume is a valuable contribution to a reanalysis of international power politics within histories of the revolutionary Atlantic World.” - Holly A. Mayer, Duquesne University, editor of Women Waging War in the American Revolution“It is especially easy for Americans to forget that the American Revolution involved more than the creation of a new nation. As the editors and contributors to this thought-provoking volume appreciate, America's Revolution occurred during a broader age of revolution, and that what happened on one side of the ocean had profound implications for what transpired on the other. These essays are a compelling reminder that we must consider the birth of the United States in its proper context.” - Patrick Griffin, University of Notre Dame, author of The Age of Atlantic Revolution: The Fall and Rise of a Connected World

• IntroductionAcknowledgments1. American Nationality: A French Invention?2. Ideology AND Interest: Free Trade, the League of Armed Neutrality, and the American Revolution3. 'Sir, I have not yet begun to fight!': John Paul Jones' Friends in the Dutch Republic, 1779-17804. Season, Winds and Sea: The Improbable Route of de Grasse to the Chesapeake5. The Battle of the Chesapeake from the Quarterdeck6. Bernardo de Gálvez: Friend of the American Revolution, Friend of Empire7. Old Partners & Intersecting Interests: Trade and Diplomacy between Portugal and the United States during the Era of George Washington (c. 1781-1805)8. Lafayette’s Encouragement of American Constitutional Reform, 1783-17899. The French Liberal Nobles in the Age of RevolutionAfterword : Studying Atlantic History with Jacques Godechot and Robert R. Palmer