Aviva Chomsky is Professor of History at Salem State College and author of West Indian Workers and the United Fruit Company in Costa Rica, 1870–1940.Aldo A. Lauria Santiago is Assistant Professor of History at the College of the Holy Cross.

“This collection gives us a much more nuanced view of labor in these regions than previously available. Using archives and oral history, the writers successfully break through the screen of elite-centered history into the world of the masses.”-David McCreery, Georgia State University “This volume does an exceptional job of bringing together in a single volume very substantial new research on working people and their history in the Hispanic Caribbean Basin.”-Ralph Lee Woodward Jr., Tulane University

• Acknowledgments viiIntroduction: Identity and Struggle in the History of the Hispanic Caribbean and Central America / Aldo Lauria-Santiago and Aviva Chomsky 1Central America "That a Poor Man Be Industrious": Coffee, Community, and Agrarian Capitalism in the Transformation of El Salvador's Ladino Peasantry, 1850–1900 / Aldo Lauria-Santiago 25"Vana IlusiÓn": The Highlands Indians and the Myth of Nicaragua Mestiza, 1880–1925 / Jeffrey L. Gould 52At Their Own Risk / Coffee Farmers and Debt in Nicaragua, 1870–1930 / Julia A. Charlip 94Auxiliary Forces in the Shaping of the Repressive System: El Salvador, 1880–1930 / Patricia Alvarenga 122The Banana Enclave, Nationalism, and mestizaje in Honduras, 1910s–1930s / DarÍo A. Euraque 151Laborers and Smallholders in Costa Rica's Mining Communities, 1900–1940 / Aviva Chomsky 169Reforging National Revolution: Campesino Labor Struggles in Guatemala, 1944–1954 / Cindy Forster 196The Hispanic Caribbean Free Love and Domesticity: Sexuality and the Shaping of Working-Class Feminism in Puerto Rico, 1900–1917 / Eileen J. Findlay 229"Omnipotent and Omnipresent"? Labor Shortages, Worker Mobility, and Employer Control in the Cuban Sugar Industry, 1910–1934 / Barry Carr 260The Foundations of Despotism: Agrarian Reform, Rural Transformation, and Peasant-State Compromise in Trujillo's Dominican Republic, 1930–1944 / Richard L. Turits 292Conclusion: Imagining the Future of the Subaltern Past-Fragments of Race, Class, and Gender in Central America and the Hispanic Caribbean, 1850–1950 / Lowell Gudmundson and Francisco A. Scarano 335Selected Bibliography 365Index 385Contributors 403

Aviva Chomsky is Professor of History at Salem State College and author of West Indian Workers and the United Fruit Company in Costa Rica, 1870–1940.Aldo A. Lauria Santiago is Assistant Professor of History at the College of the Holy Cross.

“This collection gives us a much more nuanced view of labor in these regions than previously available. Using archives and oral history, the writers successfully break through the screen of elite-centered history into the world of the masses.”-David McCreery, Georgia State University “This volume does an exceptional job of bringing together in a single volume very substantial new research on working people and their history in the Hispanic Caribbean Basin.”-Ralph Lee Woodward Jr., Tulane University

• Acknowledgments viiIntroduction: Identity and Struggle in the History of the Hispanic Caribbean and Central America / Aldo Lauria-Santiago and Aviva Chomsky 1Central America "That a Poor Man Be Industrious": Coffee, Community, and Agrarian Capitalism in the Transformation of El Salvador's Ladino Peasantry, 1850–1900 / Aldo Lauria-Santiago 25"Vana IlusiÓn": The Highlands Indians and the Myth of Nicaragua Mestiza, 1880–1925 / Jeffrey L. Gould 52At Their Own Risk / Coffee Farmers and Debt in Nicaragua, 1870–1930 / Julia A. Charlip 94Auxiliary Forces in the Shaping of the Repressive System: El Salvador, 1880–1930 / Patricia Alvarenga 122The Banana Enclave, Nationalism, and mestizaje in Honduras, 1910s–1930s / DarÍo A. Euraque 151Laborers and Smallholders in Costa Rica's Mining Communities, 1900–1940 / Aviva Chomsky 169Reforging National Revolution: Campesino Labor Struggles in Guatemala, 1944–1954 / Cindy Forster 196The Hispanic Caribbean Free Love and Domesticity: Sexuality and the Shaping of Working-Class Feminism in Puerto Rico, 1900–1917 / Eileen J. Findlay 229"Omnipotent and Omnipresent"? Labor Shortages, Worker Mobility, and Employer Control in the Cuban Sugar Industry, 1910–1934 / Barry Carr 260The Foundations of Despotism: Agrarian Reform, Rural Transformation, and Peasant-State Compromise in Trujillo's Dominican Republic, 1930–1944 / Richard L. Turits 292Conclusion: Imagining the Future of the Subaltern Past-Fragments of Race, Class, and Gender in Central America and the Hispanic Caribbean, 1850–1950 / Lowell Gudmundson and Francisco A. Scarano 335Selected Bibliography 365Index 385Contributors 403

Aviva Chomsky is Professor of History at Salem State College and author of West Indian Workers and the United Fruit Company in Costa Rica, 1870–1940.Aldo A. Lauria Santiago is Assistant Professor of History at the College of the Holy Cross.

“This collection gives us a much more nuanced view of labor in these regions than previously available. Using archives and oral history, the writers successfully break through the screen of elite-centered history into the world of the masses.”-David McCreery, Georgia State University “This volume does an exceptional job of bringing together in a single volume very substantial new research on working people and their history in the Hispanic Caribbean Basin.”-Ralph Lee Woodward Jr., Tulane University

• Acknowledgments viiIntroduction: Identity and Struggle in the History of the Hispanic Caribbean and Central America / Aldo Lauria-Santiago and Aviva Chomsky 1Central America "That a Poor Man Be Industrious": Coffee, Community, and Agrarian Capitalism in the Transformation of El Salvador's Ladino Peasantry, 1850–1900 / Aldo Lauria-Santiago 25"Vana IlusiÓn": The Highlands Indians and the Myth of Nicaragua Mestiza, 1880–1925 / Jeffrey L. Gould 52At Their Own Risk / Coffee Farmers and Debt in Nicaragua, 1870–1930 / Julia A. Charlip 94Auxiliary Forces in the Shaping of the Repressive System: El Salvador, 1880–1930 / Patricia Alvarenga 122The Banana Enclave, Nationalism, and mestizaje in Honduras, 1910s–1930s / DarÍo A. Euraque 151Laborers and Smallholders in Costa Rica's Mining Communities, 1900–1940 / Aviva Chomsky 169Reforging National Revolution: Campesino Labor Struggles in Guatemala, 1944–1954 / Cindy Forster 196The Hispanic Caribbean Free Love and Domesticity: Sexuality and the Shaping of Working-Class Feminism in Puerto Rico, 1900–1917 / Eileen J. Findlay 229"Omnipotent and Omnipresent"? Labor Shortages, Worker Mobility, and Employer Control in the Cuban Sugar Industry, 1910–1934 / Barry Carr 260The Foundations of Despotism: Agrarian Reform, Rural Transformation, and Peasant-State Compromise in Trujillo's Dominican Republic, 1930–1944 / Richard L. Turits 292Conclusion: Imagining the Future of the Subaltern Past-Fragments of Race, Class, and Gender in Central America and the Hispanic Caribbean, 1850–1950 / Lowell Gudmundson and Francisco A. Scarano 335Selected Bibliography 365Index 385Contributors 403