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• IntroductionIntroduction to Surface Tension and SurfactantsPhospholipids: Introduction to Structure and BiophysicsPhysicochemical Methods for Studying Lung SurfactantsLung Surfactant Materials, Research Complexities, and Interdisciplinary CorrelationsDiscovery of Endogenous Lung Surfactant and Overview of Its Metabolism and ActionsAnalyses of Surfactant Activity and Its Contribution to Lung Mechanics and StabilityFunctional Composition and Component Biophysics of Endogenous Lung SurfactantLung Surfactant DysfunctionDiseases of Lung Surfactant Deficiency or DysfunctionLung Surfactant Replacement in Animal ModelsClinical Surfactant Replacement Therapy for Neonatal RDSSurfactant and Combined-Modality Therapies for Clinical ARDS and Acute Lung InjuryExogenous Lung Surfactants: Current and FutureGlossary of Common Terms and AbbreviationsReferences