Adrian Brisku is a research fellow at the University of Helsinki, working on the “Research Project Europe 1815-1914,” funded by the European Research Council (ERC). His interests include comparative political and intellectual European history with a particular focus on modern Albania and Georgia and nineteenth-century Ottoman and Russian empires.

“Adrian Brisku’s book presents interesting views of Europe from the outside—from the perspectives of modern  Albanians and Georgians and how they see themselves in relation to it. By focusing on the tensions embedded in each county’s history, Brisku introduces a fresh account of Albanian and Georgian discourses on Europe… The purpose of the book is to contribute to the post-communist debates on Europe in Albania and Georgia by offering a systematic, multi-layered and comparative account of the historical understanding of Europe on its periphery, which until now has very much focused on identity questions.” · The European Legacy“Adrian Brisku is an Albanian married to a Georgian. He has combined his dual national allegiances in a fascinating comparative history of Albanian and Georgian discourses about Europe…The parallels between the Albanian and Georgian experiences are striking, but most valuable in Brisku’s narrative is the integration of the concern of the intelligentsia with Europe and the political vicissitudes through which both countries travelled in the twentieth century. Neither being embedded in alien empires nor living in precarious independence made the road to Europe any less rocky.” · European History Quarterly“…there could not be a more important time for academics, policymakers and journalists working on the Eurasian region to read Adrian Brisku’s Bittersweet Europe… Overall, Bittersweet Europe offers a masterful juxtaposition of Georgian and Albanian discourses towards Europe in addition to the accompanying insecurities over Europe and Europeanness in both countries. This in conjunction with the decentralizing effect gained through the added context leads the reader to a better understanding of Georgia’s history and relationship to Europe - something needed now more than ever.” · New Eastern Europe“The Albanian and Georgian debates about Europeanness are valuable case studies of a general phenomenon of the time and place.” · Slavic Review“This is a very original work. There is today a huge amount of literature on the meaning of Europe, but very little work has been done on what Europe means (and meant) at its periphery. This book address a significant lacuna in the literature and it does so by focusing on two countries that have never been compared from this point of view.” · Chiara Bottici, New School for Social Research, New York“The monograph is a valuable text which carefully elaborates Albanian and Georgian discourses since the 1870s up till now. It draws up massive new material unknown to readers outside the relevant countries. The book focuses on an enlightening comparison between the two countries and two developments.” · Attila Melegh, Corvinus University, Budapest

• Chapter 1. Nationhood and Empire: A Tale of Historical and Ethno-cultural Similarities and DifferencesChapter 2. From Empire to Independence: Europe as the FutureChapter 3. The Nation-State in Imperial/Supranational Shadow: the Apparent Decline of EuropeChapter 4. Communist Experiences in a Divided EuropeChapter 5. ‘Return to Europe’, ‘Closer to Europe’: Post-communist ExpectationsEpilogue: Is ‘Europe’ still the Future?BibliograhpyIndex

Adrian Brisku is a research fellow at the University of Helsinki, working on the “Research Project Europe 1815-1914,” funded by the European Research Council (ERC). His interests include comparative political and intellectual European history with a particular focus on modern Albania and Georgia and nineteenth-century Ottoman and Russian empires.

“Adrian Brisku’s book presents interesting views of Europe from the outside—from the perspectives of modern  Albanians and Georgians and how they see themselves in relation to it. By focusing on the tensions embedded in each county’s history, Brisku introduces a fresh account of Albanian and Georgian discourses on Europe… The purpose of the book is to contribute to the post-communist debates on Europe in Albania and Georgia by offering a systematic, multi-layered and comparative account of the historical understanding of Europe on its periphery, which until now has very much focused on identity questions.” · The European Legacy“Adrian Brisku is an Albanian married to a Georgian. He has combined his dual national allegiances in a fascinating comparative history of Albanian and Georgian discourses about Europe…The parallels between the Albanian and Georgian experiences are striking, but most valuable in Brisku’s narrative is the integration of the concern of the intelligentsia with Europe and the political vicissitudes through which both countries travelled in the twentieth century. Neither being embedded in alien empires nor living in precarious independence made the road to Europe any less rocky.” · European History Quarterly“…there could not be a more important time for academics, policymakers and journalists working on the Eurasian region to read Adrian Brisku’s Bittersweet Europe… Overall, Bittersweet Europe offers a masterful juxtaposition of Georgian and Albanian discourses towards Europe in addition to the accompanying insecurities over Europe and Europeanness in both countries. This in conjunction with the decentralizing effect gained through the added context leads the reader to a better understanding of Georgia’s history and relationship to Europe - something needed now more than ever.” · New Eastern Europe“The Albanian and Georgian debates about Europeanness are valuable case studies of a general phenomenon of the time and place.” · Slavic Review“This is a very original work. There is today a huge amount of literature on the meaning of Europe, but very little work has been done on what Europe means (and meant) at its periphery. This book address a significant lacuna in the literature and it does so by focusing on two countries that have never been compared from this point of view.” · Chiara Bottici, New School for Social Research, New York“The monograph is a valuable text which carefully elaborates Albanian and Georgian discourses since the 1870s up till now. It draws up massive new material unknown to readers outside the relevant countries. The book focuses on an enlightening comparison between the two countries and two developments.” · Attila Melegh, Corvinus University, Budapest

• Chapter 1. Nationhood and Empire: A Tale of Historical and Ethno-cultural Similarities and DifferencesChapter 2. From Empire to Independence: Europe as the FutureChapter 3. The Nation-State in Imperial/Supranational Shadow: the Apparent Decline of EuropeChapter 4. Communist Experiences in a Divided EuropeChapter 5. ‘Return to Europe’, ‘Closer to Europe’: Post-communist ExpectationsEpilogue: Is ‘Europe’ still the Future?BibliograhpyIndex

Adrian Brisku is a research fellow at the University of Helsinki, working on the “Research Project Europe 1815-1914,” funded by the European Research Council (ERC). His interests include comparative political and intellectual European history with a particular focus on modern Albania and Georgia and nineteenth-century Ottoman and Russian empires.

“Adrian Brisku’s book presents interesting views of Europe from the outside—from the perspectives of modern  Albanians and Georgians and how they see themselves in relation to it. By focusing on the tensions embedded in each county’s history, Brisku introduces a fresh account of Albanian and Georgian discourses on Europe… The purpose of the book is to contribute to the post-communist debates on Europe in Albania and Georgia by offering a systematic, multi-layered and comparative account of the historical understanding of Europe on its periphery, which until now has very much focused on identity questions.” · The European Legacy“Adrian Brisku is an Albanian married to a Georgian. He has combined his dual national allegiances in a fascinating comparative history of Albanian and Georgian discourses about Europe…The parallels between the Albanian and Georgian experiences are striking, but most valuable in Brisku’s narrative is the integration of the concern of the intelligentsia with Europe and the political vicissitudes through which both countries travelled in the twentieth century. Neither being embedded in alien empires nor living in precarious independence made the road to Europe any less rocky.” · European History Quarterly“…there could not be a more important time for academics, policymakers and journalists working on the Eurasian region to read Adrian Brisku’s Bittersweet Europe… Overall, Bittersweet Europe offers a masterful juxtaposition of Georgian and Albanian discourses towards Europe in addition to the accompanying insecurities over Europe and Europeanness in both countries. This in conjunction with the decentralizing effect gained through the added context leads the reader to a better understanding of Georgia’s history and relationship to Europe - something needed now more than ever.” · New Eastern Europe“The Albanian and Georgian debates about Europeanness are valuable case studies of a general phenomenon of the time and place.” · Slavic Review“This is a very original work. There is today a huge amount of literature on the meaning of Europe, but very little work has been done on what Europe means (and meant) at its periphery. This book address a significant lacuna in the literature and it does so by focusing on two countries that have never been compared from this point of view.” · Chiara Bottici, New School for Social Research, New York“The monograph is a valuable text which carefully elaborates Albanian and Georgian discourses since the 1870s up till now. It draws up massive new material unknown to readers outside the relevant countries. The book focuses on an enlightening comparison between the two countries and two developments.” · Attila Melegh, Corvinus University, Budapest

• Chapter 1. Nationhood and Empire: A Tale of Historical and Ethno-cultural Similarities and DifferencesChapter 2. From Empire to Independence: Europe as the FutureChapter 3. The Nation-State in Imperial/Supranational Shadow: the Apparent Decline of EuropeChapter 4. Communist Experiences in a Divided EuropeChapter 5. ‘Return to Europe’, ‘Closer to Europe’: Post-communist ExpectationsEpilogue: Is ‘Europe’ still the Future?BibliograhpyIndex