DOUGLAS R. EGERTON is Professor of History at Le Moyne College. He is the author of the forthcoming Death or Liberty: African Americans and the American Revolution (2007), He Shall Go Out Free: The Lives of Denmark Vesey (1999), Gabriel's Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802 (1993), and Charles Fenton Mercer and the Trial of National Conservatism (1989). ALISON GAMES teaches Atlantic history at Georgetown University, where she is the Dorothy M. Brown Distinguished Professor of History. She is the author of Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World (1999), winner of the Theodore Saloutos Prize in Immigration and Ethnic History. She has written extensively on different aspects of Atlantic history, and her articles have appeared in such journals as Slavery and Abolition, ltinerario, the American Historical Review, and the William and Mary Quarterly. JANE LANDERS is Associate Professor of History at Vanderbilt University and the author and editor of a number of books on Africans and the circum-Atlantic world, among them the prize-winning Black Society in Spanish Florida. KRIS LANE is Associate Professor of History at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. His books include Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500-1750 (1998) and Quito, 1599: City & Colony in Transition (2002). His other published works treat the topics of piracy, slavery, gold mining, headhunting, and witchcraft in colonial Ecuador and Colombia. He is currently completing a book on the early modern emerald trade. DONALD R. WRIGHT is Distinguished Teaching Professor of History at the State University of New York-Cortland, where he teaches African, African American, and world history. He is the author of The World and a Very Small Place in Africa: A History of Globalization in Niumi, The Gambia (2nd ed., 2004), and two books in Harlan Davidson's American History Series: African Americans in the Colonial Era: From African Origins through the American Revolution (2nd ed., 2000), and African Americans in the Early Republic, 1789-1831 (1993).

"I congratulate the authors of [The Atlantic World], who have not simply put together a comprehensive monograph about the Atlantic, but have put specialists from all the regions. They have produced a highly readable book not as a collection of articles, but as a joint written effort we seldom see. ...they may have presaged the way we all have to work in future collaborative schemes." (Dennis R. Hidalgo, Adelphi University, for H-Net Reviews, November 4, 2007)"The authors' goal of writing a truly borderless and interconnected history of the Atlantic produces many new and provocative insights. ...Arguably the book's strongest accomplishment is the integration of West Africa into Atlantic history. ...a major contribution to the field of Atlantic history." (H-Net Reviews, November 5, 2007)

• Introduction 1Method 4Selected Readings 6Chapter One. Conceptualizing the Atlantic World 9The Atlantic and Its Continental Boundaries 13Atlantic People in 1450 17European 19Africans 22Americans 24Geographic Constraints and Cultural Divergence 30Selected Readings 37Chapter Two. The Roots of an Atlantic System, 110-1492 41Europeans and Sugar in the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic 44Into the Atlantic 49Sub-Saharan States and Empires 54Portugal’s “Guinea of Cape Verde” 58Lower Guinea and the Kongo 64The North Atlantic 66An Age of Territorial Expansion: The Empires of the Western Atlantic 68Selected Readings 75Chapter Three. Iberians in America, 1492-1550 77The Spanish in the Caribbean 81The Portuguese in Brazil 88Spanish Mainland Expeditions 92Spanish Expansion into South America 101Establishing Spanish Rule 104Spain’s Advancing Frontiers 109Selected Readings 112Chapter Four. European Rivalries and Atlantic Repercussions, 1500-1650 115A Fractured Unity 117Taking Quarrels out of Europe 129The Western Atlantic Entrepreneurs, Pirates, and Trading Posts 131North Atlantic Settlements 138Undermining Spain: Africa and Commerce 142The Rise of the Dutch 143Selected Readings 147Chapter Five. Labor, Migration, and Settlement: Europeans and Indians, 1500-1800 149Indian Labor Systems 150European Laborers and Migrants 161Settlements 168Plantations 173Family Settlement and Religious Migrations 178Selected Readings 183Chapter Six. The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Slavery in the Americas, 1580-1780 185Appetites for Sugar—and Labor 187Captives and Trade Goods in Africa 191The Middle Passage 197Slavery in the Americas 202Maroon Settlements and Slave Revolts 208Selected Readings 213Chapter Seven. Trade in the Atlantic World, 1580-1780 217Urban and Regional Transformations 218The Cultures of Consumption 228Transformations in Africa in the Wake of the Slave Trade 240Selected Readings 251Chapter Eight. Racial and Cultural Mixture in the Atlantic World, 1450-1830 255The Atlantic’s New People 256Africa’s Coastal Cosmopolitans 258Cultural Transformations in the Western Atlantic 263European and Africa Ethnicities in the Western Atlantic 266Indigenous Responses and Cultural Innovations 271Free People of Color 278Selected Readings 288Chapter Nine. The Atlantic Shrinks: War, Reform, and Resistance, 1689-1790 291Eighteenth-Century Atlantic Warfare and Its Consequences 293Total War 296The Regional Impact of Warfare 298War, Peace, and Geographic Ignorance 303An Age of Imperial Reform 305Resistance and Rebellion 315Selected Readings 320Chapter Ten. The First Imperial Rupture, 1754-1783 323The Nine Years’ War 325The Reshaping of the Americas 331British Imperial Reform and Anglo-American Political Culture 334The War Widens 341Declaring Independence and Building Republics 343Loyalists: Red, White, and Black 348More Atlantic Repercussions 353Selected Readings 357Chapter Eleven. Revolutions and Counterrevolutions: The Season of Irony, 1789-1804 361What is That in Your Hand? 362Where Does It Bloom 365The Tricolor in Black and White 365The Reign of Terror 371Washington’s Dilemma 372The Thermidorian Reaction 375The Haitian Détente 377The Revolutions of 1800 and 1804? 385Selected Readings 389Chapter Twelve. The Ebb and Flow of Empire, 1804-1830 391Independence: Northern South America 395Independence: The Southern Cone 399Independence: New Spain 405Independence: Brazil 410British Triangulation and Neoimperialism 414Atlantic Africa 416The Monroe Doctrine 419The Panama Congress 422Selected Readings 425Chapter Thirteen. Industrialism and a New Imperialism, 1780-1850 427Mercantile Capitalism Transformed 427The Market Revolution and the American South 430Thomas Jefferson: Unwitting Industrial Promoter 434An Army of Redressers 439Migration in an Industrial Age 441Economic Neo-Colonialism 447Atlantic Africa: New Exports, Cheap Imports, Heightened Dependence 452Selected Readings 458Chapter Fourteen. Abolishing Slavery in the Western Atlantic, 1750-1888 461Abolition: The Early Years 462Abolition by Law 468Stopping the Slave Trade 473The End of Slavery in Europe and the Americas 476Abolition and Africa 482Labor in the Post-Emancipation Period 485Reconfiguring the Global Process 491Selected Readings 493Index 494

DOUGLAS R. EGERTON is Professor of History at Le Moyne College. He is the author of the forthcoming Death or Liberty: African Americans and the American Revolution (2007), He Shall Go Out Free: The Lives of Denmark Vesey (1999), Gabriel's Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802 (1993), and Charles Fenton Mercer and the Trial of National Conservatism (1989). ALISON GAMES teaches Atlantic history at Georgetown University, where she is the Dorothy M. Brown Distinguished Professor of History. She is the author of Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World (1999), winner of the Theodore Saloutos Prize in Immigration and Ethnic History. She has written extensively on different aspects of Atlantic history, and her articles have appeared in such journals as Slavery and Abolition, ltinerario, the American Historical Review, and the William and Mary Quarterly. JANE LANDERS is Associate Professor of History at Vanderbilt University and the author and editor of a number of books on Africans and the circum-Atlantic world, among them the prize-winning Black Society in Spanish Florida. KRIS LANE is Associate Professor of History at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. His books include Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500-1750 (1998) and Quito, 1599: City & Colony in Transition (2002). His other published works treat the topics of piracy, slavery, gold mining, headhunting, and witchcraft in colonial Ecuador and Colombia. He is currently completing a book on the early modern emerald trade. DONALD R. WRIGHT is Distinguished Teaching Professor of History at the State University of New York-Cortland, where he teaches African, African American, and world history. He is the author of The World and a Very Small Place in Africa: A History of Globalization in Niumi, The Gambia (2nd ed., 2004), and two books in Harlan Davidson's American History Series: African Americans in the Colonial Era: From African Origins through the American Revolution (2nd ed., 2000), and African Americans in the Early Republic, 1789-1831 (1993).

"I congratulate the authors of [The Atlantic World], who have not simply put together a comprehensive monograph about the Atlantic, but have put specialists from all the regions. They have produced a highly readable book not as a collection of articles, but as a joint written effort we seldom see. ...they may have presaged the way we all have to work in future collaborative schemes." (Dennis R. Hidalgo, Adelphi University, for H-Net Reviews, November 4, 2007)"The authors' goal of writing a truly borderless and interconnected history of the Atlantic produces many new and provocative insights. ...Arguably the book's strongest accomplishment is the integration of West Africa into Atlantic history. ...a major contribution to the field of Atlantic history." (H-Net Reviews, November 5, 2007)

• Introduction 1Method 4Selected Readings 6Chapter One. Conceptualizing the Atlantic World 9The Atlantic and Its Continental Boundaries 13Atlantic People in 1450 17European 19Africans 22Americans 24Geographic Constraints and Cultural Divergence 30Selected Readings 37Chapter Two. The Roots of an Atlantic System, 110-1492 41Europeans and Sugar in the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic 44Into the Atlantic 49Sub-Saharan States and Empires 54Portugal’s “Guinea of Cape Verde” 58Lower Guinea and the Kongo 64The North Atlantic 66An Age of Territorial Expansion: The Empires of the Western Atlantic 68Selected Readings 75Chapter Three. Iberians in America, 1492-1550 77The Spanish in the Caribbean 81The Portuguese in Brazil 88Spanish Mainland Expeditions 92Spanish Expansion into South America 101Establishing Spanish Rule 104Spain’s Advancing Frontiers 109Selected Readings 112Chapter Four. European Rivalries and Atlantic Repercussions, 1500-1650 115A Fractured Unity 117Taking Quarrels out of Europe 129The Western Atlantic Entrepreneurs, Pirates, and Trading Posts 131North Atlantic Settlements 138Undermining Spain: Africa and Commerce 142The Rise of the Dutch 143Selected Readings 147Chapter Five. Labor, Migration, and Settlement: Europeans and Indians, 1500-1800 149Indian Labor Systems 150European Laborers and Migrants 161Settlements 168Plantations 173Family Settlement and Religious Migrations 178Selected Readings 183Chapter Six. The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Slavery in the Americas, 1580-1780 185Appetites for Sugar—and Labor 187Captives and Trade Goods in Africa 191The Middle Passage 197Slavery in the Americas 202Maroon Settlements and Slave Revolts 208Selected Readings 213Chapter Seven. Trade in the Atlantic World, 1580-1780 217Urban and Regional Transformations 218The Cultures of Consumption 228Transformations in Africa in the Wake of the Slave Trade 240Selected Readings 251Chapter Eight. Racial and Cultural Mixture in the Atlantic World, 1450-1830 255The Atlantic’s New People 256Africa’s Coastal Cosmopolitans 258Cultural Transformations in the Western Atlantic 263European and Africa Ethnicities in the Western Atlantic 266Indigenous Responses and Cultural Innovations 271Free People of Color 278Selected Readings 288Chapter Nine. The Atlantic Shrinks: War, Reform, and Resistance, 1689-1790 291Eighteenth-Century Atlantic Warfare and Its Consequences 293Total War 296The Regional Impact of Warfare 298War, Peace, and Geographic Ignorance 303An Age of Imperial Reform 305Resistance and Rebellion 315Selected Readings 320Chapter Ten. The First Imperial Rupture, 1754-1783 323The Nine Years’ War 325The Reshaping of the Americas 331British Imperial Reform and Anglo-American Political Culture 334The War Widens 341Declaring Independence and Building Republics 343Loyalists: Red, White, and Black 348More Atlantic Repercussions 353Selected Readings 357Chapter Eleven. Revolutions and Counterrevolutions: The Season of Irony, 1789-1804 361What is That in Your Hand? 362Where Does It Bloom 365The Tricolor in Black and White 365The Reign of Terror 371Washington’s Dilemma 372The Thermidorian Reaction 375The Haitian Détente 377The Revolutions of 1800 and 1804? 385Selected Readings 389Chapter Twelve. The Ebb and Flow of Empire, 1804-1830 391Independence: Northern South America 395Independence: The Southern Cone 399Independence: New Spain 405Independence: Brazil 410British Triangulation and Neoimperialism 414Atlantic Africa 416The Monroe Doctrine 419The Panama Congress 422Selected Readings 425Chapter Thirteen. Industrialism and a New Imperialism, 1780-1850 427Mercantile Capitalism Transformed 427The Market Revolution and the American South 430Thomas Jefferson: Unwitting Industrial Promoter 434An Army of Redressers 439Migration in an Industrial Age 441Economic Neo-Colonialism 447Atlantic Africa: New Exports, Cheap Imports, Heightened Dependence 452Selected Readings 458Chapter Fourteen. Abolishing Slavery in the Western Atlantic, 1750-1888 461Abolition: The Early Years 462Abolition by Law 468Stopping the Slave Trade 473The End of Slavery in Europe and the Americas 476Abolition and Africa 482Labor in the Post-Emancipation Period 485Reconfiguring the Global Process 491Selected Readings 493Index 494

DOUGLAS R. EGERTON is Professor of History at Le Moyne College. He is the author of the forthcoming Death or Liberty: African Americans and the American Revolution (2007), He Shall Go Out Free: The Lives of Denmark Vesey (1999), Gabriel's Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802 (1993), and Charles Fenton Mercer and the Trial of National Conservatism (1989). ALISON GAMES teaches Atlantic history at Georgetown University, where she is the Dorothy M. Brown Distinguished Professor of History. She is the author of Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World (1999), winner of the Theodore Saloutos Prize in Immigration and Ethnic History. She has written extensively on different aspects of Atlantic history, and her articles have appeared in such journals as Slavery and Abolition, ltinerario, the American Historical Review, and the William and Mary Quarterly. JANE LANDERS is Associate Professor of History at Vanderbilt University and the author and editor of a number of books on Africans and the circum-Atlantic world, among them the prize-winning Black Society in Spanish Florida. KRIS LANE is Associate Professor of History at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. His books include Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500-1750 (1998) and Quito, 1599: City & Colony in Transition (2002). His other published works treat the topics of piracy, slavery, gold mining, headhunting, and witchcraft in colonial Ecuador and Colombia. He is currently completing a book on the early modern emerald trade. DONALD R. WRIGHT is Distinguished Teaching Professor of History at the State University of New York-Cortland, where he teaches African, African American, and world history. He is the author of The World and a Very Small Place in Africa: A History of Globalization in Niumi, The Gambia (2nd ed., 2004), and two books in Harlan Davidson's American History Series: African Americans in the Colonial Era: From African Origins through the American Revolution (2nd ed., 2000), and African Americans in the Early Republic, 1789-1831 (1993).

"I congratulate the authors of [The Atlantic World], who have not simply put together a comprehensive monograph about the Atlantic, but have put specialists from all the regions. They have produced a highly readable book not as a collection of articles, but as a joint written effort we seldom see. ...they may have presaged the way we all have to work in future collaborative schemes." (Dennis R. Hidalgo, Adelphi University, for H-Net Reviews, November 4, 2007)"The authors' goal of writing a truly borderless and interconnected history of the Atlantic produces many new and provocative insights. ...Arguably the book's strongest accomplishment is the integration of West Africa into Atlantic history. ...a major contribution to the field of Atlantic history." (H-Net Reviews, November 5, 2007)

• Introduction 1Method 4Selected Readings 6Chapter One. Conceptualizing the Atlantic World 9The Atlantic and Its Continental Boundaries 13Atlantic People in 1450 17European 19Africans 22Americans 24Geographic Constraints and Cultural Divergence 30Selected Readings 37Chapter Two. The Roots of an Atlantic System, 110-1492 41Europeans and Sugar in the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic 44Into the Atlantic 49Sub-Saharan States and Empires 54Portugal’s “Guinea of Cape Verde” 58Lower Guinea and the Kongo 64The North Atlantic 66An Age of Territorial Expansion: The Empires of the Western Atlantic 68Selected Readings 75Chapter Three. Iberians in America, 1492-1550 77The Spanish in the Caribbean 81The Portuguese in Brazil 88Spanish Mainland Expeditions 92Spanish Expansion into South America 101Establishing Spanish Rule 104Spain’s Advancing Frontiers 109Selected Readings 112Chapter Four. European Rivalries and Atlantic Repercussions, 1500-1650 115A Fractured Unity 117Taking Quarrels out of Europe 129The Western Atlantic Entrepreneurs, Pirates, and Trading Posts 131North Atlantic Settlements 138Undermining Spain: Africa and Commerce 142The Rise of the Dutch 143Selected Readings 147Chapter Five. Labor, Migration, and Settlement: Europeans and Indians, 1500-1800 149Indian Labor Systems 150European Laborers and Migrants 161Settlements 168Plantations 173Family Settlement and Religious Migrations 178Selected Readings 183Chapter Six. The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Slavery in the Americas, 1580-1780 185Appetites for Sugar—and Labor 187Captives and Trade Goods in Africa 191The Middle Passage 197Slavery in the Americas 202Maroon Settlements and Slave Revolts 208Selected Readings 213Chapter Seven. Trade in the Atlantic World, 1580-1780 217Urban and Regional Transformations 218The Cultures of Consumption 228Transformations in Africa in the Wake of the Slave Trade 240Selected Readings 251Chapter Eight. Racial and Cultural Mixture in the Atlantic World, 1450-1830 255The Atlantic’s New People 256Africa’s Coastal Cosmopolitans 258Cultural Transformations in the Western Atlantic 263European and Africa Ethnicities in the Western Atlantic 266Indigenous Responses and Cultural Innovations 271Free People of Color 278Selected Readings 288Chapter Nine. The Atlantic Shrinks: War, Reform, and Resistance, 1689-1790 291Eighteenth-Century Atlantic Warfare and Its Consequences 293Total War 296The Regional Impact of Warfare 298War, Peace, and Geographic Ignorance 303An Age of Imperial Reform 305Resistance and Rebellion 315Selected Readings 320Chapter Ten. The First Imperial Rupture, 1754-1783 323The Nine Years’ War 325The Reshaping of the Americas 331British Imperial Reform and Anglo-American Political Culture 334The War Widens 341Declaring Independence and Building Republics 343Loyalists: Red, White, and Black 348More Atlantic Repercussions 353Selected Readings 357Chapter Eleven. Revolutions and Counterrevolutions: The Season of Irony, 1789-1804 361What is That in Your Hand? 362Where Does It Bloom 365The Tricolor in Black and White 365The Reign of Terror 371Washington’s Dilemma 372The Thermidorian Reaction 375The Haitian Détente 377The Revolutions of 1800 and 1804? 385Selected Readings 389Chapter Twelve. The Ebb and Flow of Empire, 1804-1830 391Independence: Northern South America 395Independence: The Southern Cone 399Independence: New Spain 405Independence: Brazil 410British Triangulation and Neoimperialism 414Atlantic Africa 416The Monroe Doctrine 419The Panama Congress 422Selected Readings 425Chapter Thirteen. Industrialism and a New Imperialism, 1780-1850 427Mercantile Capitalism Transformed 427The Market Revolution and the American South 430Thomas Jefferson: Unwitting Industrial Promoter 434An Army of Redressers 439Migration in an Industrial Age 441Economic Neo-Colonialism 447Atlantic Africa: New Exports, Cheap Imports, Heightened Dependence 452Selected Readings 458Chapter Fourteen. Abolishing Slavery in the Western Atlantic, 1750-1888 461Abolition: The Early Years 462Abolition by Law 468Stopping the Slave Trade 473The End of Slavery in Europe and the Americas 476Abolition and Africa 482Labor in the Post-Emancipation Period 485Reconfiguring the Global Process 491Selected Readings 493Index 494