Humayma Excavation Project, 1

John Peter Oleson is a Canadian classical archaeologist and historian of ancient technology. His main interests are the Roman Near East, maritime archaeology, and ancient technology, especially hydraulic technology, water-lifting devices, and Roman concrete construction. Currently, Oleson is Professor in the Department of Greek and Roman Studies at the University of Victoria in Canada, at which he has taught since 1976.

'This volume has been eagerly anticipated by scholars of antiquity in the southern Levant...[it] will have a broad interdisciplinary appeal for an audience that ranges from scholars of Near Eastern antiquity to modern geographers, environmental scientists, and hydraulic engineers.' Tina M. Niemi,University of Missouri-Kansas City 'This first volume of the Humayma Excavation Reports constitutes an important addition of high quality to the research of Nabataean cultural landscape outside Petra, covering important groundwork for future work on this subject in this region.' (Anne Lykke, Review of Biblical Literature May 2014)

• Contents List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xvii Preface and Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations xxi chapter 1 – introduction: project objectives and previous field work 1 1.A. Objectives of the Humayma Hydraulic Survey 1 1.B. Previous Surveys and Excavations 9 chapter 2 – territory, resources, and history 21 2.A. Topography, Geomorphology, and the Road System 21 2.B. The History and Monuments of Ancient Humayma 50 chapter 3 – the regional water-supply system: catalogue of structures outside the settlement 63 3.A. Introduction 63 3.B. Catalogue 65 3.B.1 Springs 65 3.B.2 Aqueducts 74 3.B.3 Reservoir 115 3.B.4 Cisterns and Run-Off Fields 117 3.B.5 Barrier Walls, Dam, and Wadi Barriers 155 3.B.6 Terraces and Stone Piles 163 3.B.7 Hillside Channels and Slides 169 chapter 4 – the water-supply system in the settlement centre: catalogue of structures 173 4.A. Introduction 173 4.B. Catalogue 175 4.B.1 Reservoirs 175 4.B.2 Cisterns and Run-Off Fields 198 4.B.3 Conduits and Drains 217 4.B.4 Roman Bath 223 chapter 5 – descriptions of probes: 1986–1987, 1989 231 5.A. Introduction 231 5.B. The Aqueduct System (Structure No. 1) 232 5.C. Dam (Structure no. 44) 241 5.D. Reservoir in the Roman Fort (Structure no. 62) 241 5.E. Reservoir/Pool Fed by Nabataean Aqueduct (Structure No. 63) 255 5.F. Nabataean Run-Off Reservoir (Structure No. 68) 289 5.G. Cylindrical Cistern (Structure No. 54) 305 5.H. Cylindrical Cistern (Structure No. 64) 307 5.I. Cylindrical Cistern (Structure No. 69) 309 5.J. Domed Cistern (Structure No. 72) 313 5.K. Conduit Blocks (Structure No. 75) 317 5.L. Settling Tank and Associated Drains (Structure No. 76) 317 chapter 6 – catalogue of registered artefacts and laboratory analyses 327 6.A. Introduction 327 6.B. Ceramic Finds 327 6.C. Non-Ceramic Artefacts 331 6.D. Manufactured Construction Materials 337 6.E. Soil Analysis 355 6.F. Radiocarbon Analyses 360 chapter 7 – reconstruction of the water-supply system 363 7.A. Introduction 363 7.B. Input to the System 365 7.C. Water Harvesting and Storage Facilities 369 7.D. Water Transportation and Distribution Facilities 386 7.E. The Water-Supply System in Use: Evolution of Design, Applications, and Social Control 398 chapter 8 – the hawara water-supply system in the context of the ancient near east 417 8.A. A Survey of Nabataean, Roman, and Byzantine Water-Supply Systems in the Southern Nabataean Region 417 8.B. The Hellenistic and Roman Contribution to Nabataean Hydraulic Technology 478 8.C. Conclusions 492 Bibliography 493 Index 521