Helena Whalen-Bridge is Associate Professor, National University of Singapore, Faculty of Law. Her publications include the co-authored Litigants in Person: Principles and Practice in Civil and Family Matters in Singapore (2021), and The Conceptualisation of Pro Bono in Singapore (2014). Helena is an Expert with the UNODC's Education for Justice project and has been Faculty Advisor for the NUS Law Faculty's student Pro Bono Group since its inception in 2005.

• 1. Introduction to understanding and comparing access to justice Helena Whalen-Bridge; Part I. Access to Justice in Asia: 2. Pro bono, legal aid, and the struggle for justice in China Hualing Fu; 3. Access to justice in India: Managing multiple mechanisms in a restrictive practice environment Sarasu Esther Thomas; 4. Access to justice in Indonesia: Searching for meaning Yunita with Linda Yanti Sulistiawati; 5. Access to justice and lawyer independence in Japan Hiroshi Otsuka and Setsuo Miyazawa; 6. Improving access to justice in Malaysia: Introspection, purpose, and dynamism Seh Lih Long; 7. Political lawyers and the legal occupation in Myanmar Alice Dawkins and Nick Cheesman; 8. Alternative lawyering versus pro bono in the Philippines: From challenging an authoritarian government to working with the state George Radics and Alpha Pontanal; 9. Access to justice in Singapore: A government and lawyer dynamic Helena Whalen-Bridge; 10. Public interest lawyering in South Korea: Standing on the shoulders of giants Takgon Lee and Jaewon Kim; 11. A hub, a knot, and a powerhouse: The legal aid foundation and access to justice in Taiwan Ching-Fang Hsu and Yong-Ching Tsai; 12. Lawyers and democratic centralism in Vietnam Nguyen Hung Quang; Part II. Comparative Perspectives on Access to Justice: 13. Access to justice and an islamic ethic of justice Arif A. Jamal; 14. Lawyering in Indonesia's religious courts: Legal aid, procedural justice, and pragmatism Euis Nurlaelawati; 15. Access to justice and legal aid in the Syariah courts in Malaysia: A colourful but threadbare patchwork system Kerstin Steiner;16. The Syariah court of Singapore: Achieving a more formal access to justice Ahmad Nizam Abbas; 17. Access to justice in Israel: Rights, legal aid and pro bono in a lawyer dominant system Limor Zer-Gutman and Michal Ofer Tsfoni; 18. Vuk'uzenzele – Arise and Act: Lawyers and access to justice in South Africa Helen Kruuse.

Helena Whalen-Bridge is Associate Professor, National University of Singapore, Faculty of Law. Her publications include the co-authored Litigants in Person: Principles and Practice in Civil and Family Matters in Singapore (2021), and The Conceptualisation of Pro Bono in Singapore (2014). Helena is an Expert with the UNODC's Education for Justice project and has been Faculty Advisor for the NUS Law Faculty's student Pro Bono Group since its inception in 2005.

• 1. Introduction to understanding and comparing access to justice Helena Whalen-Bridge; Part I. Access to Justice in Asia: 2. Pro bono, legal aid, and the struggle for justice in China Hualing Fu; 3. Access to justice in India: Managing multiple mechanisms in a restrictive practice environment Sarasu Esther Thomas; 4. Access to justice in Indonesia: Searching for meaning Yunita with Linda Yanti Sulistiawati; 5. Access to justice and lawyer independence in Japan Hiroshi Otsuka and Setsuo Miyazawa; 6. Improving access to justice in Malaysia: Introspection, purpose, and dynamism Seh Lih Long; 7. Political lawyers and the legal occupation in Myanmar Alice Dawkins and Nick Cheesman; 8. Alternative lawyering versus pro bono in the Philippines: From challenging an authoritarian government to working with the state George Radics and Alpha Pontanal; 9. Access to justice in Singapore: A government and lawyer dynamic Helena Whalen-Bridge; 10. Public interest lawyering in South Korea: Standing on the shoulders of giants Takgon Lee and Jaewon Kim; 11. A hub, a knot, and a powerhouse: The legal aid foundation and access to justice in Taiwan Ching-Fang Hsu and Yong-Ching Tsai; 12. Lawyers and democratic centralism in Vietnam Nguyen Hung Quang; Part II. Comparative Perspectives on Access to Justice: 13. Access to justice and an islamic ethic of justice Arif A. Jamal; 14. Lawyering in Indonesia's religious courts: Legal aid, procedural justice, and pragmatism Euis Nurlaelawati; 15. Access to justice and legal aid in the Syariah courts in Malaysia: A colourful but threadbare patchwork system Kerstin Steiner;16. The Syariah court of Singapore: Achieving a more formal access to justice Ahmad Nizam Abbas; 17. Access to justice in Israel: Rights, legal aid and pro bono in a lawyer dominant system Limor Zer-Gutman and Michal Ofer Tsfoni; 18. Vuk'uzenzele – Arise and Act: Lawyers and access to justice in South Africa Helen Kruuse.

Helena Whalen-Bridge is Associate Professor, National University of Singapore, Faculty of Law. Her publications include the co-authored Litigants in Person: Principles and Practice in Civil and Family Matters in Singapore (2021), and The Conceptualisation of Pro Bono in Singapore (2014). Helena is an Expert with the UNODC's Education for Justice project and has been Faculty Advisor for the NUS Law Faculty's student Pro Bono Group since its inception in 2005.

• 1. Introduction to understanding and comparing access to justice Helena Whalen-Bridge; Part I. Access to Justice in Asia: 2. Pro bono, legal aid, and the struggle for justice in China Hualing Fu; 3. Access to justice in India: Managing multiple mechanisms in a restrictive practice environment Sarasu Esther Thomas; 4. Access to justice in Indonesia: Searching for meaning Yunita with Linda Yanti Sulistiawati; 5. Access to justice and lawyer independence in Japan Hiroshi Otsuka and Setsuo Miyazawa; 6. Improving access to justice in Malaysia: Introspection, purpose, and dynamism Seh Lih Long; 7. Political lawyers and the legal occupation in Myanmar Alice Dawkins and Nick Cheesman; 8. Alternative lawyering versus pro bono in the Philippines: From challenging an authoritarian government to working with the state George Radics and Alpha Pontanal; 9. Access to justice in Singapore: A government and lawyer dynamic Helena Whalen-Bridge; 10. Public interest lawyering in South Korea: Standing on the shoulders of giants Takgon Lee and Jaewon Kim; 11. A hub, a knot, and a powerhouse: The legal aid foundation and access to justice in Taiwan Ching-Fang Hsu and Yong-Ching Tsai; 12. Lawyers and democratic centralism in Vietnam Nguyen Hung Quang; Part II. Comparative Perspectives on Access to Justice: 13. Access to justice and an islamic ethic of justice Arif A. Jamal; 14. Lawyering in Indonesia's religious courts: Legal aid, procedural justice, and pragmatism Euis Nurlaelawati; 15. Access to justice and legal aid in the Syariah courts in Malaysia: A colourful but threadbare patchwork system Kerstin Steiner;16. The Syariah court of Singapore: Achieving a more formal access to justice Ahmad Nizam Abbas; 17. Access to justice in Israel: Rights, legal aid and pro bono in a lawyer dominant system Limor Zer-Gutman and Michal Ofer Tsfoni; 18. Vuk'uzenzele – Arise and Act: Lawyers and access to justice in South Africa Helen Kruuse.