Dr. Adalberto Pessoa Jr., Full professor at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of São Paulo and Visiting Senior Professor at King’s College London. He has experience in enzyme and fermentation technology and in the purification processes of biotechnological products, such as liquid-liquid extraction, cross-flow filtration and chromatography of interest to the pharmaceutical and food industries.Dr. Michele Vitolo, Full professor at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of São Paulo. He has experience in enzyme technology, in immobilization techniques (aiming the reuse of the biocatalyst), and in the operation of membrane reactors for obtaining biotechnological products of interest to the pharmaceutical, Chemical, and food industries. michenzi@usp.brDr. Paul Long is Professor of Biotechnology at King's College London and Visiting International Research Professor at the University of São Paulo. Prof Long is a microbiologist by training and his research uses a combination of bioinformatics, laboratory and field studies to discover new medicines from nature, particularly from the marine environment.

• Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Biotechnology........................................................................................................................ 1Michele VitoloChapter 2 Thermodynamics Applied to Biomolecules.................................................................................................... 29Attilio Converti, Adalberto Pessoa Jr, Jônatas de Carvalho Silva, Rodrigo Lira de Oliveira, andTatiana Souza PortoChapter 3 Expression Systems for the Production of Therapeutic Recombinant Proteins...............................................43Amanda Mizukami, Adalberto Pessoa Jr, and Kamilla SwiechChapter 4 Molecular Biology: Tools in Industrial Pharmaceutical Biotechnology..........................................................55Marina Gabriel Fontes and Gisele MonteiroChapter 5 Molecular Biology Tools: Techniques and Enzymes.......................................................................................73Marina Gabriel Fontes and Gisele MonteiroChapter 6 Bioinformatics Applied to the Development of Biomolecules of Pharmaceutical Interest.............................89Renata Bannitz Fernandes, Carlos Alexandre Breyer, Leonardo Schultz da Silva, Pedro HenriqueCamargo Penna, Antônio Sérgio Kimus Braz, and Marcos Antonio de OliveiraChapter 7 Bioprocesses: Microorganisms and Culture Media.......................................................................................115Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira and Adalberto Pessoa JrChapter 8 Sterilization in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology..............................................................................................133Valéria C. Santos-Ebinuma, Fernanda de Oliveira, Nathalia V. Veríssimo, Jorge F. B. Pereira, andAdalberto Pessoa JrChapter 9 Kinetics of Cell Cultivation............................................................................................................................147Aldo Tonso, Adalberto Pessoa Jr, and Michele VitoloChapter 10 Bioreactors: Modes of Operation...................................................................................................................157Inês C. Roberto, Adalberto Pessoa Jr, and Aldo TonsoChapter 11 Agitation and Aeration: Oxygen Transfer and Cell Respiration....................................................................181Aldo Tonso, Thiago Olitta Basso, Adalberto Pessoa Jr, and Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza OliveiraChapter 12 Mammalian Cell Culture Technology...........................................................................................................195Patrícia Barros dos Santos, Patrícia Léo, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira, andMarco Antonio StephanoChapter 13 Purification Process of Biomolecules............................................................................................................ 225Adalberto Pessoa Jr and Beatriz Vahan KilikianChapter 14 Lipopolysaccharides: Methods of Quantification and Removal from Biotechnological Products................239André M. Lopes, Jorge F. B. Pereira, João V. D. Molino, Felipe R. Lourenço, and Adalberto Pessoa-JrChapter 15 Enzymes: The Catalytic Proteins...................................................................................................................257Michele VitoloChapter 16 Enzymes as Drugs and Medicines................................................................................................................ 265Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui and Michele VitoloChapter 17 Aspects of the Immobilization Technique.....................................................................................................273Michele VitoloChapter 18 Biomolecules in Analytical Methods............................................................................................................ 287João Henrique Picado Madalena Santos, Carlos Miguel Nóbrega Mendonça,Francislene Andréia Hasmann, and Adalberto Pessoa JrChapter 19 Nanotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals..................................................................................................... 299Alexsandra Conceição Apolinário, Valker Araujo Feitosa, João Henrique Picado Madalena Santos,and Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-YaguiChapter 20 Biosafety Applied in Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Processes.........................................................313Camila Manoel Crnkovic, Celso Pereira Caricati, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira, andMarco Antonio StephanoChapter 21 Pharmaceutical Quality System for Biotechnology Products........................................................................325Laura de Oliveira Nascimento, Francisco Vitor Santos da Silva, and Marco Antonio StephanoChapter 22 Techno-Economic Evaluation of Biotechnological Processes and Pharmacoeconomic Analysis................355Rafael da Gama Ferreira, Nicola Sgrignoli Fuganholi, Larissa Pereira Brumano,Adriano Rodrigues Azzoni, and Sindelia FreitasChapter 23 Perspectives for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology............................................................................................369Michele Vitolo

Dr. Adalberto Pessoa Jr., Full professor at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of São Paulo and Visiting Senior Professor at King’s College London. He has experience in enzyme and fermentation technology and in the purification processes of biotechnological products, such as liquid-liquid extraction, cross-flow filtration and chromatography of interest to the pharmaceutical and food industries.Dr. Michele Vitolo, Full professor at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of São Paulo. He has experience in enzyme technology, in immobilization techniques (aiming the reuse of the biocatalyst), and in the operation of membrane reactors for obtaining biotechnological products of interest to the pharmaceutical, Chemical, and food industries. michenzi@usp.brDr. Paul Long is Professor of Biotechnology at King's College London and Visiting International Research Professor at the University of São Paulo. Prof Long is a microbiologist by training and his research uses a combination of bioinformatics, laboratory and field studies to discover new medicines from nature, particularly from the marine environment.

• Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Biotechnology........................................................................................................................ 1Michele VitoloChapter 2 Thermodynamics Applied to Biomolecules.................................................................................................... 29Attilio Converti, Adalberto Pessoa Jr, Jônatas de Carvalho Silva, Rodrigo Lira de Oliveira, andTatiana Souza PortoChapter 3 Expression Systems for the Production of Therapeutic Recombinant Proteins...............................................43Amanda Mizukami, Adalberto Pessoa Jr, and Kamilla SwiechChapter 4 Molecular Biology: Tools in Industrial Pharmaceutical Biotechnology..........................................................55Marina Gabriel Fontes and Gisele MonteiroChapter 5 Molecular Biology Tools: Techniques and Enzymes.......................................................................................73Marina Gabriel Fontes and Gisele MonteiroChapter 6 Bioinformatics Applied to the Development of Biomolecules of Pharmaceutical Interest.............................89Renata Bannitz Fernandes, Carlos Alexandre Breyer, Leonardo Schultz da Silva, Pedro HenriqueCamargo Penna, Antônio Sérgio Kimus Braz, and Marcos Antonio de OliveiraChapter 7 Bioprocesses: Microorganisms and Culture Media.......................................................................................115Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira and Adalberto Pessoa JrChapter 8 Sterilization in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology..............................................................................................133Valéria C. Santos-Ebinuma, Fernanda de Oliveira, Nathalia V. Veríssimo, Jorge F. B. Pereira, andAdalberto Pessoa JrChapter 9 Kinetics of Cell Cultivation............................................................................................................................147Aldo Tonso, Adalberto Pessoa Jr, and Michele VitoloChapter 10 Bioreactors: Modes of Operation...................................................................................................................157Inês C. Roberto, Adalberto Pessoa Jr, and Aldo TonsoChapter 11 Agitation and Aeration: Oxygen Transfer and Cell Respiration....................................................................181Aldo Tonso, Thiago Olitta Basso, Adalberto Pessoa Jr, and Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza OliveiraChapter 12 Mammalian Cell Culture Technology...........................................................................................................195Patrícia Barros dos Santos, Patrícia Léo, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira, andMarco Antonio StephanoChapter 13 Purification Process of Biomolecules............................................................................................................ 225Adalberto Pessoa Jr and Beatriz Vahan KilikianChapter 14 Lipopolysaccharides: Methods of Quantification and Removal from Biotechnological Products................239André M. Lopes, Jorge F. B. Pereira, João V. D. Molino, Felipe R. Lourenço, and Adalberto Pessoa-JrChapter 15 Enzymes: The Catalytic Proteins...................................................................................................................257Michele VitoloChapter 16 Enzymes as Drugs and Medicines................................................................................................................ 265Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui and Michele VitoloChapter 17 Aspects of the Immobilization Technique.....................................................................................................273Michele VitoloChapter 18 Biomolecules in Analytical Methods............................................................................................................ 287João Henrique Picado Madalena Santos, Carlos Miguel Nóbrega Mendonça,Francislene Andréia Hasmann, and Adalberto Pessoa JrChapter 19 Nanotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals..................................................................................................... 299Alexsandra Conceição Apolinário, Valker Araujo Feitosa, João Henrique Picado Madalena Santos,and Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-YaguiChapter 20 Biosafety Applied in Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Processes.........................................................313Camila Manoel Crnkovic, Celso Pereira Caricati, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira, andMarco Antonio StephanoChapter 21 Pharmaceutical Quality System for Biotechnology Products........................................................................325Laura de Oliveira Nascimento, Francisco Vitor Santos da Silva, and Marco Antonio StephanoChapter 22 Techno-Economic Evaluation of Biotechnological Processes and Pharmacoeconomic Analysis................355Rafael da Gama Ferreira, Nicola Sgrignoli Fuganholi, Larissa Pereira Brumano,Adriano Rodrigues Azzoni, and Sindelia FreitasChapter 23 Perspectives for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology............................................................................................369Michele Vitolo

Dr. Adalberto Pessoa Jr., Full professor at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of São Paulo and Visiting Senior Professor at King’s College London. He has experience in enzyme and fermentation technology and in the purification processes of biotechnological products, such as liquid-liquid extraction, cross-flow filtration and chromatography of interest to the pharmaceutical and food industries.Dr. Michele Vitolo, Full professor at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of São Paulo. He has experience in enzyme technology, in immobilization techniques (aiming the reuse of the biocatalyst), and in the operation of membrane reactors for obtaining biotechnological products of interest to the pharmaceutical, Chemical, and food industries. michenzi@usp.brDr. Paul Long is Professor of Biotechnology at King's College London and Visiting International Research Professor at the University of São Paulo. Prof Long is a microbiologist by training and his research uses a combination of bioinformatics, laboratory and field studies to discover new medicines from nature, particularly from the marine environment.

• Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Biotechnology........................................................................................................................ 1Michele VitoloChapter 2 Thermodynamics Applied to Biomolecules.................................................................................................... 29Attilio Converti, Adalberto Pessoa Jr, Jônatas de Carvalho Silva, Rodrigo Lira de Oliveira, andTatiana Souza PortoChapter 3 Expression Systems for the Production of Therapeutic Recombinant Proteins...............................................43Amanda Mizukami, Adalberto Pessoa Jr, and Kamilla SwiechChapter 4 Molecular Biology: Tools in Industrial Pharmaceutical Biotechnology..........................................................55Marina Gabriel Fontes and Gisele MonteiroChapter 5 Molecular Biology Tools: Techniques and Enzymes.......................................................................................73Marina Gabriel Fontes and Gisele MonteiroChapter 6 Bioinformatics Applied to the Development of Biomolecules of Pharmaceutical Interest.............................89Renata Bannitz Fernandes, Carlos Alexandre Breyer, Leonardo Schultz da Silva, Pedro HenriqueCamargo Penna, Antônio Sérgio Kimus Braz, and Marcos Antonio de OliveiraChapter 7 Bioprocesses: Microorganisms and Culture Media.......................................................................................115Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira and Adalberto Pessoa JrChapter 8 Sterilization in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology..............................................................................................133Valéria C. Santos-Ebinuma, Fernanda de Oliveira, Nathalia V. Veríssimo, Jorge F. B. Pereira, andAdalberto Pessoa JrChapter 9 Kinetics of Cell Cultivation............................................................................................................................147Aldo Tonso, Adalberto Pessoa Jr, and Michele VitoloChapter 10 Bioreactors: Modes of Operation...................................................................................................................157Inês C. Roberto, Adalberto Pessoa Jr, and Aldo TonsoChapter 11 Agitation and Aeration: Oxygen Transfer and Cell Respiration....................................................................181Aldo Tonso, Thiago Olitta Basso, Adalberto Pessoa Jr, and Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza OliveiraChapter 12 Mammalian Cell Culture Technology...........................................................................................................195Patrícia Barros dos Santos, Patrícia Léo, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira, andMarco Antonio StephanoChapter 13 Purification Process of Biomolecules............................................................................................................ 225Adalberto Pessoa Jr and Beatriz Vahan KilikianChapter 14 Lipopolysaccharides: Methods of Quantification and Removal from Biotechnological Products................239André M. Lopes, Jorge F. B. Pereira, João V. D. Molino, Felipe R. Lourenço, and Adalberto Pessoa-JrChapter 15 Enzymes: The Catalytic Proteins...................................................................................................................257Michele VitoloChapter 16 Enzymes as Drugs and Medicines................................................................................................................ 265Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui and Michele VitoloChapter 17 Aspects of the Immobilization Technique.....................................................................................................273Michele VitoloChapter 18 Biomolecules in Analytical Methods............................................................................................................ 287João Henrique Picado Madalena Santos, Carlos Miguel Nóbrega Mendonça,Francislene Andréia Hasmann, and Adalberto Pessoa JrChapter 19 Nanotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals..................................................................................................... 299Alexsandra Conceição Apolinário, Valker Araujo Feitosa, João Henrique Picado Madalena Santos,and Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-YaguiChapter 20 Biosafety Applied in Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Processes.........................................................313Camila Manoel Crnkovic, Celso Pereira Caricati, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira, andMarco Antonio StephanoChapter 21 Pharmaceutical Quality System for Biotechnology Products........................................................................325Laura de Oliveira Nascimento, Francisco Vitor Santos da Silva, and Marco Antonio StephanoChapter 22 Techno-Economic Evaluation of Biotechnological Processes and Pharmacoeconomic Analysis................355Rafael da Gama Ferreira, Nicola Sgrignoli Fuganholi, Larissa Pereira Brumano,Adriano Rodrigues Azzoni, and Sindelia FreitasChapter 23 Perspectives for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology............................................................................................369Michele Vitolo