Katalin Szende is a Professor of Medieval Studies at the Central European University (CEU), Budapest and Vienna. Her research concentrates on urban history, particularly medieval towns in the Carpathian Basin and Central Europe, with regard to society, demography, literacy, everyday life, and topography. Her latest monograph is Trust, Authority, and the Written Word in the Royal Towns of Medieval Hungary (2018).Erika Szívós is a Professor of History at the Department of Economic and Social History at Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest. The focus of her research and teaching is Central European social, cultural, and urban history. One of her recent publications is “The Historic City and the East-West Exchange: Architecture, Urban Renewal and International Knowledge Transfers under State Socialism in Hungary” (Urban History, 29, no. 3 (2022): 523–548).Boglárka Weisz is a Senior Research Fellow and Head of the Medieval History Department at the Institute of History of the Research Centre for the Humanities and leader of the “Lendület” Medieval Hungarian Economic History Research Group. Her main research interests are economic and urban history in medieval Hungary. Her previous publications include Markets and Staples in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (2020); ed. Fontes ad rem mercatoriam regni Hungariae pertinentes I. De commerciis domesticis (2020), II. De commerciis externis (2021).

• 1. Introduction I. Markets and Marketplaces, Open and Walled 2. The Marketplace (Torg) in Medieval Novgorod as a Space of Commerce and Action 3. Seats of Power and Marketplaces in Medieval Italian Towns 4. Forms and Functions of Market Squares in Medieval Hungary 5. Trade and Sociability in the Markets and Fairs in the Romanian Principalities in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 6. The Walled Markets in Small Towns of Ukraine in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 7. Loss of Urbanity and the Threatening Death of the Viennese “Grätzl”: Vienna from 1955 to 1985 II. The Flow of Trade 8. Some Archaeological Evidence for International Trade in Irish Towns in the Middle Ages 9. The Influence of the Wool Export Trade on the Urban Network and Landscapes in the Crown of Castile from the Fifteenth to the Early Nineteenth Century 10. Trade Routes and Commercial Networks in South-Eastern Europe 11. Timber Trade, Townscapes and Urban Networks in Early Modern Norway and Northern Europe III. Production in Perspective 12. Landscapes of Paper Production and the Centres of Book Printing in Italy and West-Central Europe in the Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries 13. The Nuns and the Craftsmen: Urbanization and the Settings of Female Religious Orders in Towns of Medieval Hungary 14. Textile Industry as a Challenge: Urbanisation and Urbanity in Villages and Towns in Western Westphalia in the Late Nineteenth Century 15. Steam Milling Industry in an Urban Space, Budapest from 1841 to 2008 16. Conclusions: Economic Functions of Urban Spaces

Katalin Szende is a Professor of Medieval Studies at the Central European University (CEU), Budapest and Vienna. Her research concentrates on urban history, particularly medieval towns in the Carpathian Basin and Central Europe, with regard to society, demography, literacy, everyday life, and topography. Her latest monograph is Trust, Authority, and the Written Word in the Royal Towns of Medieval Hungary (2018).Erika Szívós is a Professor of History at the Department of Economic and Social History at Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest. The focus of her research and teaching is Central European social, cultural, and urban history. One of her recent publications is “The Historic City and the East-West Exchange: Architecture, Urban Renewal and International Knowledge Transfers under State Socialism in Hungary” (Urban History, 29, no. 3 (2022): 523–548).Boglárka Weisz is a Senior Research Fellow and Head of the Medieval History Department at the Institute of History of the Research Centre for the Humanities and leader of the “Lendület” Medieval Hungarian Economic History Research Group. Her main research interests are economic and urban history in medieval Hungary. Her previous publications include Markets and Staples in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (2020); ed. Fontes ad rem mercatoriam regni Hungariae pertinentes I. De commerciis domesticis (2020), II. De commerciis externis (2021).

• 1. Introduction I. Markets and Marketplaces, Open and Walled 2. The Marketplace (Torg) in Medieval Novgorod as a Space of Commerce and Action 3. Seats of Power and Marketplaces in Medieval Italian Towns 4. Forms and Functions of Market Squares in Medieval Hungary 5. Trade and Sociability in the Markets and Fairs in the Romanian Principalities in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 6. The Walled Markets in Small Towns of Ukraine in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 7. Loss of Urbanity and the Threatening Death of the Viennese “Grätzl”: Vienna from 1955 to 1985 II. The Flow of Trade 8. Some Archaeological Evidence for International Trade in Irish Towns in the Middle Ages 9. The Influence of the Wool Export Trade on the Urban Network and Landscapes in the Crown of Castile from the Fifteenth to the Early Nineteenth Century 10. Trade Routes and Commercial Networks in South-Eastern Europe 11. Timber Trade, Townscapes and Urban Networks in Early Modern Norway and Northern Europe III. Production in Perspective 12. Landscapes of Paper Production and the Centres of Book Printing in Italy and West-Central Europe in the Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries 13. The Nuns and the Craftsmen: Urbanization and the Settings of Female Religious Orders in Towns of Medieval Hungary 14. Textile Industry as a Challenge: Urbanisation and Urbanity in Villages and Towns in Western Westphalia in the Late Nineteenth Century 15. Steam Milling Industry in an Urban Space, Budapest from 1841 to 2008 16. Conclusions: Economic Functions of Urban Spaces

Katalin Szende is a Professor of Medieval Studies at the Central European University (CEU), Budapest and Vienna. Her research concentrates on urban history, particularly medieval towns in the Carpathian Basin and Central Europe, with regard to society, demography, literacy, everyday life, and topography. Her latest monograph is Trust, Authority, and the Written Word in the Royal Towns of Medieval Hungary (2018).Erika Szívós is a Professor of History at the Department of Economic and Social History at Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest. The focus of her research and teaching is Central European social, cultural, and urban history. One of her recent publications is “The Historic City and the East-West Exchange: Architecture, Urban Renewal and International Knowledge Transfers under State Socialism in Hungary” (Urban History, 29, no. 3 (2022): 523–548).Boglárka Weisz is a Senior Research Fellow and Head of the Medieval History Department at the Institute of History of the Research Centre for the Humanities and leader of the “Lendület” Medieval Hungarian Economic History Research Group. Her main research interests are economic and urban history in medieval Hungary. Her previous publications include Markets and Staples in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (2020); ed. Fontes ad rem mercatoriam regni Hungariae pertinentes I. De commerciis domesticis (2020), II. De commerciis externis (2021).

• 1. Introduction I. Markets and Marketplaces, Open and Walled 2. The Marketplace (Torg) in Medieval Novgorod as a Space of Commerce and Action 3. Seats of Power and Marketplaces in Medieval Italian Towns 4. Forms and Functions of Market Squares in Medieval Hungary 5. Trade and Sociability in the Markets and Fairs in the Romanian Principalities in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 6. The Walled Markets in Small Towns of Ukraine in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 7. Loss of Urbanity and the Threatening Death of the Viennese “Grätzl”: Vienna from 1955 to 1985 II. The Flow of Trade 8. Some Archaeological Evidence for International Trade in Irish Towns in the Middle Ages 9. The Influence of the Wool Export Trade on the Urban Network and Landscapes in the Crown of Castile from the Fifteenth to the Early Nineteenth Century 10. Trade Routes and Commercial Networks in South-Eastern Europe 11. Timber Trade, Townscapes and Urban Networks in Early Modern Norway and Northern Europe III. Production in Perspective 12. Landscapes of Paper Production and the Centres of Book Printing in Italy and West-Central Europe in the Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries 13. The Nuns and the Craftsmen: Urbanization and the Settings of Female Religious Orders in Towns of Medieval Hungary 14. Textile Industry as a Challenge: Urbanisation and Urbanity in Villages and Towns in Western Westphalia in the Late Nineteenth Century 15. Steam Milling Industry in an Urban Space, Budapest from 1841 to 2008 16. Conclusions: Economic Functions of Urban Spaces