Marlen Komorowski, PhD in Media and Communication Studies, is Senior Researcher at imec-SMIT (Studies on Media, Innovation & Technology) at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Impact Analyst for Clwstwr at Cardiff University. As a researcher, her work focuses on media and creative industries-related projects, impact analysis, industry clustering, ecosystem and value network analysis, new business models and the impact of digitization on industries and firms. Ike Picone is Assistant Professor at the Department of Communication Sciences of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Unit Leader within the research group imec-SMIT-VUB, where he heads the research in Journalism, Trust and Participation. He is also a member of the Council for Journalism of Flanders (Belgium). His research topics include user participation in online news, the changing relationship between news audiences and journalists and the role of new media in the emergence of deliberative public spheres.

• List of figures List of tables List of contributors INTRODUCTION 1 Introducing the book: the concept of creative cluster development PART A THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE CREATIVE CLUSTER CONCEPT Section I Governing creative cluster development 2 Creative mediators and their role in the governance of creative clusters 3 Creating an alternative governance model for creative clusters: the collaborative alliance model Section II Place-making and spaces for creative clusters 4 Place as a guiding principle for spatial design of creative clusters in urban areas 5 Interplay of the local and the global inconnecting creative clusters around the globe Section III Entrepreneurship in and for creative clusters 6 Business incubators as tools for creative cluster development 7 Entrepreneurship in creative clusters: motivations, identities and interactions PART B REAL-WORLD CASE STUDIES OF CREATIVE CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT Section IV Creative hubs and spaces in different contexts 8 Models of co-working in Toronto’s innovation districts 9 São Paulo’s creative hubs: local embeddedness as a tool for creative cluster development 10 The fabric of creative cultures: how creative clusters connect with their neighbourhood in Warsaw’s districts of Praga Section V Media park development and governance 11 Building mediapark.brussels: at the crossroads of media policy and urban development 12 Challenges of collaboration: the case of Mediapolis in Finland 13 Media parks as vehicles of economic development and city branding: MediaCityUK and MediaPark Cologne Section VI Organisations for creative cluster development 14 Informal governance as enabler of creative collaborations: Institute for X in Aarhus 15 Place leadership for creative cluster development: the Baltic Triangle in Liverpool CONCLUSION 16 A new momentum for creative clusters: exploring novel directions in governance, place-making and entrepreneurship

Marlen Komorowski, PhD in Media and Communication Studies, is Senior Researcher at imec-SMIT (Studies on Media, Innovation & Technology) at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Impact Analyst for Clwstwr at Cardiff University. As a researcher, her work focuses on media and creative industries-related projects, impact analysis, industry clustering, ecosystem and value network analysis, new business models and the impact of digitization on industries and firms. Ike Picone is Assistant Professor at the Department of Communication Sciences of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Unit Leader within the research group imec-SMIT-VUB, where he heads the research in Journalism, Trust and Participation. He is also a member of the Council for Journalism of Flanders (Belgium). His research topics include user participation in online news, the changing relationship between news audiences and journalists and the role of new media in the emergence of deliberative public spheres.

• List of figures List of tables List of contributors INTRODUCTION 1 Introducing the book: the concept of creative cluster development PART A THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE CREATIVE CLUSTER CONCEPT Section I Governing creative cluster development 2 Creative mediators and their role in the governance of creative clusters 3 Creating an alternative governance model for creative clusters: the collaborative alliance model Section II Place-making and spaces for creative clusters 4 Place as a guiding principle for spatial design of creative clusters in urban areas 5 Interplay of the local and the global inconnecting creative clusters around the globe Section III Entrepreneurship in and for creative clusters 6 Business incubators as tools for creative cluster development 7 Entrepreneurship in creative clusters: motivations, identities and interactions PART B REAL-WORLD CASE STUDIES OF CREATIVE CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT Section IV Creative hubs and spaces in different contexts 8 Models of co-working in Toronto’s innovation districts 9 São Paulo’s creative hubs: local embeddedness as a tool for creative cluster development 10 The fabric of creative cultures: how creative clusters connect with their neighbourhood in Warsaw’s districts of Praga Section V Media park development and governance 11 Building mediapark.brussels: at the crossroads of media policy and urban development 12 Challenges of collaboration: the case of Mediapolis in Finland 13 Media parks as vehicles of economic development and city branding: MediaCityUK and MediaPark Cologne Section VI Organisations for creative cluster development 14 Informal governance as enabler of creative collaborations: Institute for X in Aarhus 15 Place leadership for creative cluster development: the Baltic Triangle in Liverpool CONCLUSION 16 A new momentum for creative clusters: exploring novel directions in governance, place-making and entrepreneurship

Marlen Komorowski, PhD in Media and Communication Studies, is Senior Researcher at imec-SMIT (Studies on Media, Innovation & Technology) at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Impact Analyst for Clwstwr at Cardiff University. As a researcher, her work focuses on media and creative industries-related projects, impact analysis, industry clustering, ecosystem and value network analysis, new business models and the impact of digitization on industries and firms. Ike Picone is Assistant Professor at the Department of Communication Sciences of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Unit Leader within the research group imec-SMIT-VUB, where he heads the research in Journalism, Trust and Participation. He is also a member of the Council for Journalism of Flanders (Belgium). His research topics include user participation in online news, the changing relationship between news audiences and journalists and the role of new media in the emergence of deliberative public spheres.

• List of figures List of tables List of contributors INTRODUCTION 1 Introducing the book: the concept of creative cluster development PART A THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE CREATIVE CLUSTER CONCEPT Section I Governing creative cluster development 2 Creative mediators and their role in the governance of creative clusters 3 Creating an alternative governance model for creative clusters: the collaborative alliance model Section II Place-making and spaces for creative clusters 4 Place as a guiding principle for spatial design of creative clusters in urban areas 5 Interplay of the local and the global inconnecting creative clusters around the globe Section III Entrepreneurship in and for creative clusters 6 Business incubators as tools for creative cluster development 7 Entrepreneurship in creative clusters: motivations, identities and interactions PART B REAL-WORLD CASE STUDIES OF CREATIVE CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT Section IV Creative hubs and spaces in different contexts 8 Models of co-working in Toronto’s innovation districts 9 São Paulo’s creative hubs: local embeddedness as a tool for creative cluster development 10 The fabric of creative cultures: how creative clusters connect with their neighbourhood in Warsaw’s districts of Praga Section V Media park development and governance 11 Building mediapark.brussels: at the crossroads of media policy and urban development 12 Challenges of collaboration: the case of Mediapolis in Finland 13 Media parks as vehicles of economic development and city branding: MediaCityUK and MediaPark Cologne Section VI Organisations for creative cluster development 14 Informal governance as enabler of creative collaborations: Institute for X in Aarhus 15 Place leadership for creative cluster development: the Baltic Triangle in Liverpool CONCLUSION 16 A new momentum for creative clusters: exploring novel directions in governance, place-making and entrepreneurship