Pereowei Subai is Senior Lecturer in Law at Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

• CONTENTSTABLE OF CASES TABLE OF STATUTES AND INSTRUMENTS TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONSIntroduction 1: Local Content in Petroleum Producing Countries: Strategies, Approaches, and Impact Abstract 1.1 Background to the rise of local content requirements in petroleum producing countries 1.2 Perceived benefits of local content 1.3 Approaches to local content development 1.3.1 The protectionist approach 1.3.2 The liberalised approach to local content 1.4 Between protectionism and the liberalised approach 1.5 Some arguments against protectionist local content approaches 1.6 Conclusion Bibliography 2: Legal and Institutional frameworks for local content development Abstract 2.1 Legal frameworks and strategies 2.1.1 Institutional frameworks for local content regulation and development 2.2 Experiences of some selected countries 2.2.1 Brazil 2.2.2 Norway2.3 Conclusion Bibliography 3: an overview of the historical DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL CONTENT IN THE NIGERIAN PETROLEUM INDSUTRY 3.1 A review of historical development of local content in Nigeria's petroleum industry3.1.1 1956-1969: focus on employment of Nigerians 3.1.2 1969 1990: The Petroleum Act, DPR, NNPC 3.1.3 1990-2010 Discretionary awards of OPLs, Marginal Oil fields and the birth of indigenous petroleum firms 3.2 Analysis of some factors responsible for the weak Nigerian content in the petroleum industry pre-2010 3.3 Conclusion Bibliography 4: an overview of the provisions of the nigerian oil and gs industry content development act 2010 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act (NOGICDA) 2010 4.2.1 Institutional framework for local content regulation and development in Nigeria 4.2.2 Regulation and monitoring of the Nigerian Content: plans and reports 4.2.2.1 The Nigerian content plan 4.2.2.2 The Nigerian content performance report 4.3 Authorisations and certifications: the Nigerian Content Compliance Certificate 4.4 Other salient local content provisions contained in NOGICDA 4.4.1 Contract awards 4.4.2 Employment and training 4.4.3 Technology transfer, research and development (R&D) 4.4.4 Requirements for the domiciliation of operations of multinationals within Nigeria and utilization of Nigerian goods and services 4.4.5 Patronage of the Nigerian services sub sector 4.4.6 Information technology and local content: the e-marketplace and the Joint Qualification System 4.4.7 Community local content 4.4.8 Other local content initiatives contained in NOGICDA 4.4.8.1 The Nigerian Content Consultative Forum 4.4.8.2 The Nigerian Content Development Fund 4.5 Conclusion Bibliography 5 an analysis of The impact, necessity, and challenges of NOGICDA 5.1 Assessing the impact of NOGICDA 5.2 Is the legislative approach to local content necessary?5.3 The legislative approach and the challenge weak capacity 5.3 Conclusion Bibliography6: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE FRAMEWORKS FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF NOGICDA6.1 Introduction 6.1 A review of the strategies employed by the NCDMB in the implementation of NOGICDA6.2 Private Nigerian citizens and the enforcement of the provisions of NOGICDA 6.3 Conclusion Bibliography 7 PROTECTIONIST LOCAL CONTENT MEASURES IN AFRICA and international trade law7.1 Introduction 7.2 International free trade law and LCRs 7.2.1 The international free trade regime 7.3 NOGICDA in the light of Nigeria’s international free trade obligations 7.3.1 NOGICDA and the WTO system 7.4 Discussion and analysis 7.5 Conclusion Bibliography 8 national oil companies and local content development 8.1 The rise and relevance of NOCs in the petroleum industry8.2 Strategies employed by NOCs in furthering local content at home 8.3 NOCs and the acquisition and development of petroleum related technology 8.4 Discussions, analysis and concluding remarks Bibliography 9: Local content and Resource rich regions: a case study of NIGERIA’S niger delta 9.1 Introduction 4.3 The Niger Delta struggle within the context of Nigeria’s federalism 9.2 Derivation and the Niger Delta Economy since 1999 9.4 Conclusion Bibliography INDEX

Pereowei Subai is Senior Lecturer in Law at Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

• CONTENTSTABLE OF CASES TABLE OF STATUTES AND INSTRUMENTS TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONSIntroduction 1: Local Content in Petroleum Producing Countries: Strategies, Approaches, and Impact Abstract 1.1 Background to the rise of local content requirements in petroleum producing countries 1.2 Perceived benefits of local content 1.3 Approaches to local content development 1.3.1 The protectionist approach 1.3.2 The liberalised approach to local content 1.4 Between protectionism and the liberalised approach 1.5 Some arguments against protectionist local content approaches 1.6 Conclusion Bibliography 2: Legal and Institutional frameworks for local content development Abstract 2.1 Legal frameworks and strategies 2.1.1 Institutional frameworks for local content regulation and development 2.2 Experiences of some selected countries 2.2.1 Brazil 2.2.2 Norway2.3 Conclusion Bibliography 3: an overview of the historical DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL CONTENT IN THE NIGERIAN PETROLEUM INDSUTRY 3.1 A review of historical development of local content in Nigeria's petroleum industry3.1.1 1956-1969: focus on employment of Nigerians 3.1.2 1969 1990: The Petroleum Act, DPR, NNPC 3.1.3 1990-2010 Discretionary awards of OPLs, Marginal Oil fields and the birth of indigenous petroleum firms 3.2 Analysis of some factors responsible for the weak Nigerian content in the petroleum industry pre-2010 3.3 Conclusion Bibliography 4: an overview of the provisions of the nigerian oil and gs industry content development act 2010 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act (NOGICDA) 2010 4.2.1 Institutional framework for local content regulation and development in Nigeria 4.2.2 Regulation and monitoring of the Nigerian Content: plans and reports 4.2.2.1 The Nigerian content plan 4.2.2.2 The Nigerian content performance report 4.3 Authorisations and certifications: the Nigerian Content Compliance Certificate 4.4 Other salient local content provisions contained in NOGICDA 4.4.1 Contract awards 4.4.2 Employment and training 4.4.3 Technology transfer, research and development (R&D) 4.4.4 Requirements for the domiciliation of operations of multinationals within Nigeria and utilization of Nigerian goods and services 4.4.5 Patronage of the Nigerian services sub sector 4.4.6 Information technology and local content: the e-marketplace and the Joint Qualification System 4.4.7 Community local content 4.4.8 Other local content initiatives contained in NOGICDA 4.4.8.1 The Nigerian Content Consultative Forum 4.4.8.2 The Nigerian Content Development Fund 4.5 Conclusion Bibliography 5 an analysis of The impact, necessity, and challenges of NOGICDA 5.1 Assessing the impact of NOGICDA 5.2 Is the legislative approach to local content necessary?5.3 The legislative approach and the challenge weak capacity 5.3 Conclusion Bibliography6: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE FRAMEWORKS FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF NOGICDA6.1 Introduction 6.1 A review of the strategies employed by the NCDMB in the implementation of NOGICDA6.2 Private Nigerian citizens and the enforcement of the provisions of NOGICDA 6.3 Conclusion Bibliography 7 PROTECTIONIST LOCAL CONTENT MEASURES IN AFRICA and international trade law7.1 Introduction 7.2 International free trade law and LCRs 7.2.1 The international free trade regime 7.3 NOGICDA in the light of Nigeria’s international free trade obligations 7.3.1 NOGICDA and the WTO system 7.4 Discussion and analysis 7.5 Conclusion Bibliography 8 national oil companies and local content development 8.1 The rise and relevance of NOCs in the petroleum industry8.2 Strategies employed by NOCs in furthering local content at home 8.3 NOCs and the acquisition and development of petroleum related technology 8.4 Discussions, analysis and concluding remarks Bibliography 9: Local content and Resource rich regions: a case study of NIGERIA’S niger delta 9.1 Introduction 4.3 The Niger Delta struggle within the context of Nigeria’s federalism 9.2 Derivation and the Niger Delta Economy since 1999 9.4 Conclusion Bibliography INDEX

Pereowei Subai is Senior Lecturer in Law at Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

• CONTENTSTABLE OF CASES TABLE OF STATUTES AND INSTRUMENTS TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONSIntroduction 1: Local Content in Petroleum Producing Countries: Strategies, Approaches, and Impact Abstract 1.1 Background to the rise of local content requirements in petroleum producing countries 1.2 Perceived benefits of local content 1.3 Approaches to local content development 1.3.1 The protectionist approach 1.3.2 The liberalised approach to local content 1.4 Between protectionism and the liberalised approach 1.5 Some arguments against protectionist local content approaches 1.6 Conclusion Bibliography 2: Legal and Institutional frameworks for local content development Abstract 2.1 Legal frameworks and strategies 2.1.1 Institutional frameworks for local content regulation and development 2.2 Experiences of some selected countries 2.2.1 Brazil 2.2.2 Norway2.3 Conclusion Bibliography 3: an overview of the historical DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL CONTENT IN THE NIGERIAN PETROLEUM INDSUTRY 3.1 A review of historical development of local content in Nigeria's petroleum industry3.1.1 1956-1969: focus on employment of Nigerians 3.1.2 1969 1990: The Petroleum Act, DPR, NNPC 3.1.3 1990-2010 Discretionary awards of OPLs, Marginal Oil fields and the birth of indigenous petroleum firms 3.2 Analysis of some factors responsible for the weak Nigerian content in the petroleum industry pre-2010 3.3 Conclusion Bibliography 4: an overview of the provisions of the nigerian oil and gs industry content development act 2010 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act (NOGICDA) 2010 4.2.1 Institutional framework for local content regulation and development in Nigeria 4.2.2 Regulation and monitoring of the Nigerian Content: plans and reports 4.2.2.1 The Nigerian content plan 4.2.2.2 The Nigerian content performance report 4.3 Authorisations and certifications: the Nigerian Content Compliance Certificate 4.4 Other salient local content provisions contained in NOGICDA 4.4.1 Contract awards 4.4.2 Employment and training 4.4.3 Technology transfer, research and development (R&D) 4.4.4 Requirements for the domiciliation of operations of multinationals within Nigeria and utilization of Nigerian goods and services 4.4.5 Patronage of the Nigerian services sub sector 4.4.6 Information technology and local content: the e-marketplace and the Joint Qualification System 4.4.7 Community local content 4.4.8 Other local content initiatives contained in NOGICDA 4.4.8.1 The Nigerian Content Consultative Forum 4.4.8.2 The Nigerian Content Development Fund 4.5 Conclusion Bibliography 5 an analysis of The impact, necessity, and challenges of NOGICDA 5.1 Assessing the impact of NOGICDA 5.2 Is the legislative approach to local content necessary?5.3 The legislative approach and the challenge weak capacity 5.3 Conclusion Bibliography6: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE FRAMEWORKS FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF NOGICDA6.1 Introduction 6.1 A review of the strategies employed by the NCDMB in the implementation of NOGICDA6.2 Private Nigerian citizens and the enforcement of the provisions of NOGICDA 6.3 Conclusion Bibliography 7 PROTECTIONIST LOCAL CONTENT MEASURES IN AFRICA and international trade law7.1 Introduction 7.2 International free trade law and LCRs 7.2.1 The international free trade regime 7.3 NOGICDA in the light of Nigeria’s international free trade obligations 7.3.1 NOGICDA and the WTO system 7.4 Discussion and analysis 7.5 Conclusion Bibliography 8 national oil companies and local content development 8.1 The rise and relevance of NOCs in the petroleum industry8.2 Strategies employed by NOCs in furthering local content at home 8.3 NOCs and the acquisition and development of petroleum related technology 8.4 Discussions, analysis and concluding remarks Bibliography 9: Local content and Resource rich regions: a case study of NIGERIA’S niger delta 9.1 Introduction 4.3 The Niger Delta struggle within the context of Nigeria’s federalism 9.2 Derivation and the Niger Delta Economy since 1999 9.4 Conclusion Bibliography INDEX