Ángel Viñas is an Emeritus Professor at the University Complutense Madrid. He is also a former adviser to the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, a director of the European Commission and the EU’s ambassador to the United Nations, and the author of numerous books on Spanish history.Richard Carswell is the author of The Fall of France in the Second World War: History and Memory (2019) and the translator of The Man Who Murdered Admiral Darlan (2024) by Bénédicte Vergez-Chaignon.

• 1. Franco in the ‘Elastic Neutrality’ Phase 2. The Controversial Origins of Operation BRIBES 3. Spanish Goodwill Is Expensive 4. Bribes, Hendaye and Espionage 5. Portugal and Serrano’s New Trip 6. Nazi Pressure and British Strategy 7. The Strengthening of the Bribing Operation Under Juan March 8. New Difficulties in Spain and the United States 9. Flanking Operation BRIBES and New Change of Government 10. The Backdrop to Operation TORCH 11. Nicolás Franco Springs into Action 12. The Unrecognised Significance of Juan March and His Gifts 13. A Final Melancholic Reflection 14. Appendix: The Icing on the Cake: Political Planning Against Franco

Ángel Viñas is an Emeritus Professor at the University Complutense Madrid. He is also a former adviser to the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, a director of the European Commission and the EU’s ambassador to the United Nations, and the author of numerous books on Spanish history.Richard Carswell is the author of The Fall of France in the Second World War: History and Memory (2019) and the translator of The Man Who Murdered Admiral Darlan (2024) by Bénédicte Vergez-Chaignon.

• 1. Franco in the ‘Elastic Neutrality’ Phase 2. The Controversial Origins of Operation BRIBES 3. Spanish Goodwill Is Expensive 4. Bribes, Hendaye and Espionage 5. Portugal and Serrano’s New Trip 6. Nazi Pressure and British Strategy 7. The Strengthening of the Bribing Operation Under Juan March 8. New Difficulties in Spain and the United States 9. Flanking Operation BRIBES and New Change of Government 10. The Backdrop to Operation TORCH 11. Nicolás Franco Springs into Action 12. The Unrecognised Significance of Juan March and His Gifts 13. A Final Melancholic Reflection 14. Appendix: The Icing on the Cake: Political Planning Against Franco