Alessandro Melis holds the distinguished position of the first Endowed Chair Professor at the New York Institute of Technology. He served as the curator of the Italian Pavilion at La Biennale di Venezia in 2021 and was honoured as an ambassador of Italian Design in 2020-2022 (ADI, Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Professor Melis has made significant contributions to the field of research, which is evidenced by over 200 publications, numerous citations in reputable publications, and his keynote speeches at institutions such as the University of Cambridge, MoMA New York, the China Academy of Art, the Italian Institute of Culture in London and New York, Italian Trade Agency, and TEDx. He is the founding director of Heliopolis 21, an international architecture firm based in Italy, England, the United States, Germany, and Mexico.Telmo Pievani is a Full Professor in the Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy, where he holds the first Italian chair of the Philosophy of Biological Sciences. He also teaches Bioethics and Science Communication. Since October 2016, he has been the Rector’s Delegate for Institutional Communication, University of Padua. He is Fellow of several academic Institutions and scientific societies: Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Class of Sciences, Venice; Turin Academy of Sciences, Class of Biological Sciences; Accademia Olimpica in Vicenza, Class of Sciences and Technique; “Umberto Veronesi” Foundation for the Progress of Sciences, Milan; Istituto Italiano di Antropologia, Steering Board, Rome. He is a member of the editorial boards of Evolution: Education and Outreach, Evolutionary Biology, ndiconti Lincei Sc. Fis. Nat., Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani, and Le Scienze, the Italian edition of Scientific American. He is the author of 256 registered publications.Jose Antonio Lara-Hernandez is a Senior Researcher at the Auckland University of Technology (AUT) in New Zealand and was previously a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Porto. Antonio was a member of the curatorial team of the Italian Pavilion at La Biennale di Venezia in 2021. As a prolific researcher, his publications and impact beyond the academy in countries, such as Italy and Mexico, are evidence of his work. He has more than ten years’ experience as a registered architect and urban designer, and is a chartered member of the Colegio de Arquitectos de Merida (Mexico). In addition, he was a co-founder of the IMPLAN-Merida (Municipal Institute of Urban Planning in Merida City). He is also collaborating in the Cluster of Sustainable Cities at the University of Portsmouth, UK, and City Space and Architecture in Bologna, Italy. He is the project coordinator of Heliopolis 21 (Mexico), an international architecture firm based in Italy, England, the United States, and Germany.

• List of figuresForewordAcknowledgements1. Introduction: Architectural Exaptation2. Exaptation: The Interplay between Forms and Functions3. Morphospace: The Possible Is Greater Than the Real4. Back to the Future5. Redefining Architecture: Towards a Taxonomy of Exaptation6. Dynamic Adaptation: Shifting Functions in Architecture across Time and Contexts7. Göbekli Tepe: Challenging Narratives and Rethinking Architecture History8. Learning from History: The Case of Venice9. Romantic Architecture as a Manifestation of Exaptation: The Case of Alessandro Gherardesca10. Unveiling Radicals as a Case Study in Architectural Exaptation 11. Temporary Appropriation and the Exaptation of the Urban Space12. Architectural Exaptation and Informality13. The Need for Diversity in Architecture: Case Studies14. The Art Is a Spandrel: Drawings as a Manifestation of Exaptation 15. Artificial Intelligence as an Exaptive Design Dimension 16. The Italian Pavilion at La Biennale Venezia 2021: Embracing Complexity and Darkness 17. Conclusion: Architectural Evolution, Exaptation and Adaptive SpandrelsEpilogue Index

Alessandro Melis holds the distinguished position of the first Endowed Chair Professor at the New York Institute of Technology. He served as the curator of the Italian Pavilion at La Biennale di Venezia in 2021 and was honoured as an ambassador of Italian Design in 2020-2022 (ADI, Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Professor Melis has made significant contributions to the field of research, which is evidenced by over 200 publications, numerous citations in reputable publications, and his keynote speeches at institutions such as the University of Cambridge, MoMA New York, the China Academy of Art, the Italian Institute of Culture in London and New York, Italian Trade Agency, and TEDx. He is the founding director of Heliopolis 21, an international architecture firm based in Italy, England, the United States, Germany, and Mexico.Telmo Pievani is a Full Professor in the Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy, where he holds the first Italian chair of the Philosophy of Biological Sciences. He also teaches Bioethics and Science Communication. Since October 2016, he has been the Rector’s Delegate for Institutional Communication, University of Padua. He is Fellow of several academic Institutions and scientific societies: Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Class of Sciences, Venice; Turin Academy of Sciences, Class of Biological Sciences; Accademia Olimpica in Vicenza, Class of Sciences and Technique; “Umberto Veronesi” Foundation for the Progress of Sciences, Milan; Istituto Italiano di Antropologia, Steering Board, Rome. He is a member of the editorial boards of Evolution: Education and Outreach, Evolutionary Biology, ndiconti Lincei Sc. Fis. Nat., Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani, and Le Scienze, the Italian edition of Scientific American. He is the author of 256 registered publications.Jose Antonio Lara-Hernandez is a Senior Researcher at the Auckland University of Technology (AUT) in New Zealand and was previously a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Porto. Antonio was a member of the curatorial team of the Italian Pavilion at La Biennale di Venezia in 2021. As a prolific researcher, his publications and impact beyond the academy in countries, such as Italy and Mexico, are evidence of his work. He has more than ten years’ experience as a registered architect and urban designer, and is a chartered member of the Colegio de Arquitectos de Merida (Mexico). In addition, he was a co-founder of the IMPLAN-Merida (Municipal Institute of Urban Planning in Merida City). He is also collaborating in the Cluster of Sustainable Cities at the University of Portsmouth, UK, and City Space and Architecture in Bologna, Italy. He is the project coordinator of Heliopolis 21 (Mexico), an international architecture firm based in Italy, England, the United States, and Germany.

• List of figuresForewordAcknowledgements1. Introduction: Architectural Exaptation2. Exaptation: The Interplay between Forms and Functions3. Morphospace: The Possible Is Greater Than the Real4. Back to the Future5. Redefining Architecture: Towards a Taxonomy of Exaptation6. Dynamic Adaptation: Shifting Functions in Architecture across Time and Contexts7. Göbekli Tepe: Challenging Narratives and Rethinking Architecture History8. Learning from History: The Case of Venice9. Romantic Architecture as a Manifestation of Exaptation: The Case of Alessandro Gherardesca10. Unveiling Radicals as a Case Study in Architectural Exaptation 11. Temporary Appropriation and the Exaptation of the Urban Space12. Architectural Exaptation and Informality13. The Need for Diversity in Architecture: Case Studies14. The Art Is a Spandrel: Drawings as a Manifestation of Exaptation 15. Artificial Intelligence as an Exaptive Design Dimension 16. The Italian Pavilion at La Biennale Venezia 2021: Embracing Complexity and Darkness 17. Conclusion: Architectural Evolution, Exaptation and Adaptive SpandrelsEpilogue Index

Alessandro Melis holds the distinguished position of the first Endowed Chair Professor at the New York Institute of Technology. He served as the curator of the Italian Pavilion at La Biennale di Venezia in 2021 and was honoured as an ambassador of Italian Design in 2020-2022 (ADI, Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Professor Melis has made significant contributions to the field of research, which is evidenced by over 200 publications, numerous citations in reputable publications, and his keynote speeches at institutions such as the University of Cambridge, MoMA New York, the China Academy of Art, the Italian Institute of Culture in London and New York, Italian Trade Agency, and TEDx. He is the founding director of Heliopolis 21, an international architecture firm based in Italy, England, the United States, Germany, and Mexico.Telmo Pievani is a Full Professor in the Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy, where he holds the first Italian chair of the Philosophy of Biological Sciences. He also teaches Bioethics and Science Communication. Since October 2016, he has been the Rector’s Delegate for Institutional Communication, University of Padua. He is Fellow of several academic Institutions and scientific societies: Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Class of Sciences, Venice; Turin Academy of Sciences, Class of Biological Sciences; Accademia Olimpica in Vicenza, Class of Sciences and Technique; “Umberto Veronesi” Foundation for the Progress of Sciences, Milan; Istituto Italiano di Antropologia, Steering Board, Rome. He is a member of the editorial boards of Evolution: Education and Outreach, Evolutionary Biology, ndiconti Lincei Sc. Fis. Nat., Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani, and Le Scienze, the Italian edition of Scientific American. He is the author of 256 registered publications.Jose Antonio Lara-Hernandez is a Senior Researcher at the Auckland University of Technology (AUT) in New Zealand and was previously a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Porto. Antonio was a member of the curatorial team of the Italian Pavilion at La Biennale di Venezia in 2021. As a prolific researcher, his publications and impact beyond the academy in countries, such as Italy and Mexico, are evidence of his work. He has more than ten years’ experience as a registered architect and urban designer, and is a chartered member of the Colegio de Arquitectos de Merida (Mexico). In addition, he was a co-founder of the IMPLAN-Merida (Municipal Institute of Urban Planning in Merida City). He is also collaborating in the Cluster of Sustainable Cities at the University of Portsmouth, UK, and City Space and Architecture in Bologna, Italy. He is the project coordinator of Heliopolis 21 (Mexico), an international architecture firm based in Italy, England, the United States, and Germany.

• List of figuresForewordAcknowledgements1. Introduction: Architectural Exaptation2. Exaptation: The Interplay between Forms and Functions3. Morphospace: The Possible Is Greater Than the Real4. Back to the Future5. Redefining Architecture: Towards a Taxonomy of Exaptation6. Dynamic Adaptation: Shifting Functions in Architecture across Time and Contexts7. Göbekli Tepe: Challenging Narratives and Rethinking Architecture History8. Learning from History: The Case of Venice9. Romantic Architecture as a Manifestation of Exaptation: The Case of Alessandro Gherardesca10. Unveiling Radicals as a Case Study in Architectural Exaptation 11. Temporary Appropriation and the Exaptation of the Urban Space12. Architectural Exaptation and Informality13. The Need for Diversity in Architecture: Case Studies14. The Art Is a Spandrel: Drawings as a Manifestation of Exaptation 15. Artificial Intelligence as an Exaptive Design Dimension 16. The Italian Pavilion at La Biennale Venezia 2021: Embracing Complexity and Darkness 17. Conclusion: Architectural Evolution, Exaptation and Adaptive SpandrelsEpilogue Index