Growth of the International Economy, 1820–2025

Michael Graff is Professor Emeritus of ETH Zurich, Switzerland. From 2007 until his retirement in 2024, he was Head of the Business Cycle Research Division at the KOF Swiss Economic Institute. Before this, he was Professor of Development Economics at Jacobs University Bremen, Germany; Senior Lecturer at the University of Queensland, Australia; and Economic Advisor at the Reserve Bank, New Zealand.A. G. Kenwood retired as Head of the Department of Economics at the University of Queensland, Australia in 1989. He retained his interest in teaching (at universities in Queensland and Papua New Guinea), research and publishing in his areas of interest – Australian and British economic history and development. George was also an Honorary Research Consultant at the University of Queensland until he passed away in 2005.A. L. Lougheed was an educator, first as a primary and secondary teacher, then as a Lecturer and Reader in Economics at the University of Queensland, Australia. Alan retained his keen interest in research, publishing and teaching (at universities in Queensland) after his retirement in 1992. He was an Honorary Research Consultant at the University of Queensland until he passed away in 2002.

• Introduction. Prologue: The International Economy from the Beginnings to 1820. Part 1: The International Economy, 1820–1913 1. The Causes of the Growth of the International Economy in the Nineteenth Century 2. International Long-Term Capital Movements 3. International Migration 4. Commercial Policy in the Nineteenth Century 5. Foreign Trade in the Nineteenth Century 6. The Evolution of a Multilateral Payments Network 7. The Evolution of an International Monetary System: The Gold Standard Until 1914 8. International Aspects of Economic Growth in the Nineteenth Century: The Spread of Industrialisation 9. International Aspects of Economic Growth in the Nineteenth Century 10. Trends and Fluctuations in the International Economy up to 1914 Part 2: The First World War and the Interwar Years 11. The International Economy from 1914 to 1939 12. The Restoration of the Gold Standard and the Economic Recovery of the 1920s 13. The Collapse of the Gold Standard and the Disintegration of the International Economy 14. International Trade During the Interwar Period 15. The Great Depression: An Overview Part 3: The Second World War and the post-1945 International Economy 16. The International Economy from 1939 to 1950 17. The International Economy, 1950–2000 18. International Monetary Relations, 1945–2000 19. The GATT, the WTO and International Commercial Policy, 1947–2000 20. Trade and Growth in the International Economy: The Developed Countries, 1945–2000 21. Trade and Growth in the International Economy: The Periphery, 1945–2000 22. The New Millennium, 2001–24 23. The International Economy until 2024 and Beyond