Antonio Bultrini is Associate Professor of International Law at the University of Florence, where he teaches International Law, Human Rights and the Law of Armed Conflict.Francesco Giumelli is an Associate Professor in International Relations at the University of Groningen, specializing in international sanctions and illicit trade.Clara Portela teaches Political Science at the Law School of the University of Valencia, having previously served as a Professor at Singapore Management University and as a Research Fellow with the European Union Institute for Security Studies of the (EUISS) in Paris.Mirko Sossai is Associate Professor of International Law at the Law Department of the Roma Tre University, Italy, where he also teaches Law of International Organizations.

• Foreword; Preface; 1. ‘Community interests’ as an appropriate legal basis for the implementation of unilateral targeted measures; 2. Examining the legality of EU restrictive measures on the Russian Federation: the information gathering process in sanction imposition; 3. The elephant in the room: legitimacy and (de)legitimation of international sanctions; 4. Unilateral sanctions as a challenge to the international legal order; 5. The jurisdictional intricacies of secondary sanctions consisting of access restrictions; 6. Unilateral sanctions and extraterritorial obligations in the area of economic, social and cultural rights; 7. The political-economic impact of sanctions: a comparative analysis of the cases of Russia and Iran; 8. “A farewell to arms”: arms embargo busting and the challenges of arms export harmonization; 9. Democratic sanctions in Africa. A reassessment of their selective and inconsistent use across multiple senders; 10. Human rights-specific sanctions’ contribution to human rights; 11. Conclusions

Antonio Bultrini is Associate Professor of International Law at the University of Florence, where he teaches International Law, Human Rights and the Law of Armed Conflict.Francesco Giumelli is an Associate Professor in International Relations at the University of Groningen, specializing in international sanctions and illicit trade.Clara Portela teaches Political Science at the Law School of the University of Valencia, having previously served as a Professor at Singapore Management University and as a Research Fellow with the European Union Institute for Security Studies of the (EUISS) in Paris.Mirko Sossai is Associate Professor of International Law at the Law Department of the Roma Tre University, Italy, where he also teaches Law of International Organizations.

• Foreword; Preface; 1. ‘Community interests’ as an appropriate legal basis for the implementation of unilateral targeted measures; 2. Examining the legality of EU restrictive measures on the Russian Federation: the information gathering process in sanction imposition; 3. The elephant in the room: legitimacy and (de)legitimation of international sanctions; 4. Unilateral sanctions as a challenge to the international legal order; 5. The jurisdictional intricacies of secondary sanctions consisting of access restrictions; 6. Unilateral sanctions and extraterritorial obligations in the area of economic, social and cultural rights; 7. The political-economic impact of sanctions: a comparative analysis of the cases of Russia and Iran; 8. “A farewell to arms”: arms embargo busting and the challenges of arms export harmonization; 9. Democratic sanctions in Africa. A reassessment of their selective and inconsistent use across multiple senders; 10. Human rights-specific sanctions’ contribution to human rights; 11. Conclusions

Antonio Bultrini is Associate Professor of International Law at the University of Florence, where he teaches International Law, Human Rights and the Law of Armed Conflict.Francesco Giumelli is an Associate Professor in International Relations at the University of Groningen, specializing in international sanctions and illicit trade.Clara Portela teaches Political Science at the Law School of the University of Valencia, having previously served as a Professor at Singapore Management University and as a Research Fellow with the European Union Institute for Security Studies of the (EUISS) in Paris.Mirko Sossai is Associate Professor of International Law at the Law Department of the Roma Tre University, Italy, where he also teaches Law of International Organizations.

• Foreword; Preface; 1. ‘Community interests’ as an appropriate legal basis for the implementation of unilateral targeted measures; 2. Examining the legality of EU restrictive measures on the Russian Federation: the information gathering process in sanction imposition; 3. The elephant in the room: legitimacy and (de)legitimation of international sanctions; 4. Unilateral sanctions as a challenge to the international legal order; 5. The jurisdictional intricacies of secondary sanctions consisting of access restrictions; 6. Unilateral sanctions and extraterritorial obligations in the area of economic, social and cultural rights; 7. The political-economic impact of sanctions: a comparative analysis of the cases of Russia and Iran; 8. “A farewell to arms”: arms embargo busting and the challenges of arms export harmonization; 9. Democratic sanctions in Africa. A reassessment of their selective and inconsistent use across multiple senders; 10. Human rights-specific sanctions’ contribution to human rights; 11. Conclusions