Industrial Women, 1760–1914

Deborah Simonton is Associate Professor of British History, emerita, University of Southern Denmark, Visiting Professor, University of Turku, and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.

• Volume I: Women in Industrial HandworkList of ImagesAcknowledgementsGeneral IntroductionIntroduction to Volume I: Women in Industrial HandworkPart 1. Domestic Industries1. B. L. Hutchins, Women in Modern Industry (G. Bell and Sons, Ltd., 1915), 1–2, 5, 9–14, 302. Edith Abbott, ‘The Colonial Period’, in Women in Industry: A Study in American Economic History (D. Appleton and Company, 1909), 16–323. Daniel Defoe, A Plan of the English Commerce, Being a compleat prospect of the trade of this nation, as well the home trade as the foreign. ... Humbly offered to the consideration of the King and Parliament (Charles Rivington, 1728), 48, 89–91, 288–894. Arthur Young, A six weeks’ tour through the southern counties of England and Wales, (W. Strahan ... [and 4 others]), 1768; 70, 152.5. Arthur Young, A six months’ tour through the north of England, containing, an account of the present state of agriculture, manufactures and population, in several counties of this kingdom (W. Strahan, 1770), Vol 1, 49–50, 124–25; Vol. 2., 6–7, 64, 168.6. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (1776; Methuen, 1904)7. Arthur Young, Annals of Agriculture and other useful arts, extracts7.1. Arthur Young, Annals of Agriculture and other useful arts, vol. 2 1784, 108–109.7.2. Arthur Young, Annals of Agriculture and other useful arts, v. 16, 1791, 499.8. Frederick Morton Eden, ‘Labouring Classes’, in The state of the poor; or, an history of the labouring classes in England, from the conquests to the present period. (B. & J. White [etc.], 1797), Vol. 1, 558–59.9. ‘Mary Harrrison’, in Settlement examinations for Culcheth parish10. Arthur Mitchell, ‘David Loch’s Tour in Scotland in 1778’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 32 (November 1898): 19-28.11. ‘Aberdeen, County of Aberdeen’, Sir John Sinclair, (ed.) The Statistical Account of Scotland, Vol. XIX, 1797 (William Creech, 1791–1799), 200-208.12. Alastair J. Durie (ed.), The British Linen Company 1745-1775, (Scottish History Society and Pillans & Wilson Ltd., 1996), Scottish History Society, Fifth Series, Vol. 929–30, 34–36, 49–50, 73–74, 113–114, 121–22, 133–34, 225–26.13. William Robert Scott, Report to the Board of agriculture for Scotland on home industries in the Highlands and Islands 1914 (H.M Stationary off., Neil & Co., 1914), 77–86, 106, 190.14. Humble Petition of the Poor Spinners, which on a very moderate calculation consist of Eighteen Thousand, Five Hundred, employed in the Town and Country aforesaid. Leicester, 1788, British Museum Tracts, B544; reprinted in B. L. Hutchins, Women in Modern Industry, (G. Bell and Sons, 1915), 270–71.15. A.B., Observations on the detriment that it is supposed must arise to the family of every cottager throughout the kingdom from the loss of woollen spinning by the introduction of machines for that work (np., 1794), 3–8, 10–11, 13, 14.Part 2. Industry and Workshops16. Sarah Osbourne, apprenticeship indenture in the metal trades, Overseers of the Poor, Harborne, Warwickshire, 1781. DRO 61/7/8. Harborne Parish Apprenticeship Indentures.17. William Hutton, ‘On Pins and Nails’, in The History of Birmingham, 1783, 6th ed. (James Gunn: 1836), 190–92.18. Robert H. Sherard, ‘The Nailmakers of Bromsgrove’ in ‘White Slaves of England’, Pearson’s Magazine, vol. 2, (1896, July-Dec.): 167-7319. Robert Campbell, The London Tradesman, being a compendious view of all Trades, Professions and Arts … calculated for the information of Parents, and Instruction of Youth in their Choice of Business (T. Gardner, 1747), 149–54, 170–71, 206, 211–13, 124–26, 244, 250–51, 260–61, 300.20. Joseph Collyer, The Parents’ and Guardians’ Directory and the Youth’s Guide in the Choice of a Profession or Trade (R. Griffiths, 1761), 60-61, 67, 80, 84–85, 93, 113–14, 152·53, 234, 236–37, 248–49, 263, 273–74, 286–87, 292.21. Anon., The Book of Trades or Library of Useful Arts, 3rd ed. (Tabart and Co., 1806), Part 1: 7–13, 27–28, Part II: 46–49, 51–56.22. Apprentices in the Eighteenth Century22.1. Anne Jarvois puts herself apprentice, Harborne Parish, 1717.22.2 Martha Pillah, apprentice, charged with theft, makes and mends men’s clothes 1717, Old Bailey Proceedings Online22.3 Elizabeth Cock, basketweaver, 1756, ‘Examinations, 1750-1766: no 331’, in Chelsea Settlement and Bastardy Examinations, 1733-1766, Tim Hitchcock and John Black (eds.), (London, 1999), pp. 102-106. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol33/pp102-10622.4 Mary Shrewsbury, ‘Stocking Trimmer. Ordinary’s Account’, Newgate’s Account, 3 March 1737 (OA17370303). Old Bailey Proceedings Online23. Hiring Agreements23.1 Ann Keeling. Articles of Agreement. Wedgwood archives, 266316–133, 28 February 1781.23.2 Hiring of Tireuses, Lyon 1722, Order from the Consulate of September 3, 1722, prohibiting any master from employing any girl as a daily tireuse if they are not hired out. Municipal archives of Lyon, HH 514.24. Parish Apprentices24.1 Parish Apprentices. Hackney Petty Sessions Book, 1734, in Justice in Eighteenth-Century Hackney: The Justicing Notebook of Henry Norris and the Hackney Petty Sessions Book, ed. Ruth Paley (London: London Record Society, 1991), 117-129. British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol28/pp117-12924.2 Mary Wilkinson, apprenticed to weaving, 1760, ‘Examinations, 1750-1766: no 395’, in Chelsea Settlement and Bastardy Examinations, 1733-1766, ed. Tim Hitchcock and John Black (London, 1999), pp. 102-106. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol33/pp102-10625. Miss Clara Collet, ‘On the Conditions of Work in Birmingham, Walsall, Dudley, and the Staffordshire Potteries’, in Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women, Royal Commission on Labour Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty, February 1893, 49–55, 60–63.26. Testimony of Richard Juggins on Metal Workshops, Select Committee of The House of Lords on The Sweating System, 4 May 1889. (Printed by Henry Hansard and Sons and Published by Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1889), 233–31027. Testimony of Female Nailmakers, Select Committee on The Sweating System, Select Committee of The House of Lords on The Sweating System, 4 May 1889. (Printed by Henry Hansard and Sons and Published by Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1889), 211–26.28. ‘Employment’, [On China Painters], Englishwoman’s Review of Social and Industrial Questions, Vol II, 15 April 1876, 170–72.29. Thomas Holmes, ‘Flowermaking’, in Richard Mudie Smith, Compiler, Sweated Industries Being a Handbook of the “Daily News” Exhibition. Part PP, Worker’s Section. May 1906. (Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ltd.,) 27–29.Part 3. A Case Study: Milliners and Seamstresses30. Robert Campbell, ‘Of the Milliner’, ‘Of the Mantua-Maker’ and ‘the Cap-Maker’, The London Tradesman, being a compendious view of all Trades, Professions and Arts … calculated for the information of Parents, and Instruction of Youth in their Choice of Business (T. Gardner, 1747), 206–10, 227–29.31. Joseph Collyer, Joseph, ‘Of the Cap-Makers’, ‘Of the Child’s coat-maker’, ‘Of the Milliner’, The Parents’ and Guardians’ Directory and the Youth’s Guide in the Choice of a Profession or Trade (R. Griffiths: 1761), 90, 100-101, 194–96.32. Louis Sébastien Mercier, ‘Les Marchandes des Modes’, Le tableau de Paris (Virchaux & Compagnie: 1781), Part I, 290-93.33. Anon., ‘The Milliner’, The Book of Trades or Library of Useful Arts, 3rd ed. (Tabart and Co.: 1806), Part II: 45–50.34. ENQUÊTE. Situation des ouvriers chapeliers [Situation of the hatmakers]. L’Atelier, n° 1, deuxième année, septembre 1841, 6-7.35. Alice P. Barrows, ‘The Training of Millinery Workers’, in Economic Position of Women, Proceedings of The Academy of Political Science in The City of New York, Henry Raymond Mussey, (ed.), (Columbia University, 1910), 41–45.36. Helen Campbell, ‘One of the Fur-sewers’, Prisoners of Poverty: Women Wage-Workers, Their Trades And Their Lives, (1886, Little, Brown, And Company, 1900), 139–49.37. Helen Campbell, ‘The Case of Rose Haggerty’, Prisoners of Poverty: Women Wage-Workers, Their Trades And Their Lives, (Little, Brown, And Company, 1900), 18–29.38. Anon. ‘The Sewing-Machine in America’, English Woman’s Journal (October 1860): 126–28.39. Azel Ames, ‘Sewing Machine Labor’, Sex in Industry, A Plea for the Working Girl (James Osgood and Co, 1875), 115–24.40. Helen Campbell, ‘Fashionable Dressmaker’, Prisoners of Poverty: Women Wage-Workers, Their Trades and Their Lives. (Little, Brown, and Company, 1886), 55–65.41. Eliza Orme and May Abraham, ‘Conditions of Women’s Work in Ireland’, in Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women, Royal Commission on Labour, Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty, February 1893, 322Part 4. Industrial Entrepreneurs42. Ann Leslie, The case of Miss Leslie, and her three sisters. The manufacturers of thread for lace, equal to any foreign; in an address to the public, but particularly to the patriotic societies, for the encouragement of arts and manufactures, Published at the Request, and by the Desire of several Persons of Distinction, 1767.43. ‘Miss Wilson, Thread Manufacturer at Monymusk’, Advertisement, Aberdeen Journal, 1 March 1768.44. Articles of Co-Partnery between Margaret Cameron and John Cameron, [Cameron and Violard] 1835.45. Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House, and newspaper reviews45.1 Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House (GW Carleton & Co., Publishers,1868), 43–56, 73–85.45.2 ‘A Sensation Book on Mrs. Lincoln’, Sun (Baltimore, Maryland), April 25, 1868: Supplement45.3 ‘Review of New Books. T. B. Peterson & Brothers, Philadelphia’, Philadelphia Inquirer (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), April 27, 1868: 3.45.4 ‘New Publications’ Times-Picayune (New Orleans, Louisiana), May 3, 1868: 5.46. Eleanor Coade, 1733–1821, pioneer of Coade Stone46.1 The Daily Advertiser (London), Thursday, 6 February 177246.2 The Daily Advertiser (London), and the Gazeteer and New Daily Advertiser (London), Monday, 21 Mar. 177446.3 Public Advertiser (London), April 19, 177646.4 London Chronicle, May 6–8, 177746.5 Morning Post (London) Sunday, May 22, 177946.6 Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser (London), Saturday, January 29, 1785.46.7 London Gazette, February 17–19, 178847. Madame C. J. Walker, ‘hair culturalist’, millionaire and inventor47.1 The Richmond Planet, December 19, 1908, 447.2 Oregonian, August 3, 1918, p. 747.3 Wyoming State Tribune - May 28, 1919 - page Five 47.4 From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, 108th CONGRESS, 1st Session, H. CON. RES. 65 Expressing the sense of Congress that Madame C. J. Walker should be recognized for her achievements in business, her inventions, and her commitment to the African-American community.Part 5. Case Study: Women in the Printing Trades48. Susan Trail, Petition to the Aberdeen City Council, Aberdeen City Archives, Town Council Register, Vol. 63, 26 Oct.1763-21. Sept. 1773, folio 20, 5 September 1764.49. Emily Faithfull, ‘The Victoria Press’, A paper read at the Glasgow meeting of the national association for the promotion of social science, English Woman’s Journal, October 1860, 121–25.50. Azel Ames, ‘Typesetting’, in Sex in Industry, A Plea for the Working Girl (James Osgood and Co, 1875), 84–95.51. Margaret Irwin, ‘Women’s Labour: Printing’, in Reports, On the Conditions of Work in Various Industries in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss May E. Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Royal Commission on Labour (HMSO, 1893), 290–91.52. Margaret Irwin, ‘Printing––Workers’ Evidence’, in On the Conditions of Work in Various Industries in England, Wales, Scotland, And Ireland Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss May E. Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Royal Commission on Labour 1893, 291–92.53. Edith Abbott, ‘Printing’, in Women in Industry: A Study in American Economic History (D. Appleton and Company, 1910), 246–49; 258–61.54. ‘Printing’, Labor Organizations Strong in Executive Departments at Washington, New York Call, August 26, 1903.Part 6. The Sweated Trades Revealed55. Harriet Martineau, extracts on Homework from ‘Female Industry’, Edinburgh Review, 222 (April 1859), 293, 320–329.56. Julie-Victoire Daubié, The Poor Women of the 19th century, Commissioned by the Academie of Lyon, 1866.57. ‘Rates of Pay’, Englishwoman’s Review of Social and Industrial Questions, Vol II, (15 November 1876): 51258. Eliza Orme and May Abraham ‘Conditions of Women’s Work in Ireland’, in Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women. Royal Commission on Labour. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. February 1893, 32259. Gertrude Tuckwell, ‘Preface’, in Sweated Industries, being a Handbook of The “Daily News” Exhibition, Richard Mudie Smith, Compiler, Part PP, Worker’s Section. May 1906 (Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ltd.), 10–1760. Richard Mudie Smith, Compiler, ‘Particulars of Worker at Stalls’, Sweated Industries Being a Handbook of The “Daily News” Exhibition. Part PP, Worker’s Section. May 1906 (Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ltd.), 89–117.61. Beatrice Webb, ‘How to Do Away with the Sweating System’, A paper read at the twenty-fourth annual congress of Co-operative Societies, held at Rochdale, June 1892, in Problems in Modern Industry, Sidney and Beatrice Webb (Longmans, Green and Co., 1898), 139-48.62. B.L. Hutchins, Homework and Sweating, the causes and the remedies, Fabian Tract No. 130, (The Fabian Society, 1907), 3–7, 9–10, 17–18.63. Jane Addams and Alice Hamilton, MD, Hull House, ‘The “Piece-Work” System as a Factor in the Tuberculosis Of Wage-Workers’, Transactions of the Sixth International Congress on Tuberculosis, vol. 3. (William Fell, 1908), 139-40.Part 7. The Last Word64. Ottilie Baader, ‘The Sewing Machine and Working at Home’, Ein steiniger Weg. Lebenserinnerungen einer Sozialistin [A Rocky Path: Life Reminiscences of a Female Socialist] (JW Dietz Nache, GMBH, 1921), 17-21.65. Thomas Hood, ‘The Song of the Shirt’, Punch, or the London Charivari, 5 (1843), 261.66. Louise Otto-Peters, Klöpplerinnen (The Lace-Makers) Oederaner Stadtanzeiger, 1840BibliographyIndex