Surface Active Agents

Dr. Guido Bognolo has a degree in theoretical chemistry and has spent his professional career working on the technology, applications, marketing, strategy, and business acquisition of surface active agents in multinational chemical companies.He was for many years the managing director of WSA Associates, a company providing consulting services for technology and strategic investments to several companies operating in the field of surface active agents and specialty chemicals. As general secretary of the Confederation of Senior Expert Services (CESES) he executed many consulting missions in the People's Republic of China. He holds a master's degree in business administration from the Solvay Business School of Economics and Management in Brussels. He is the author of several publications on the technology, marketing, and strategy aspects of surface active agents, as well as chapters in reference books.

• PrefaceAcknowledgementsIntroductionPart I – Natural Surface Active Agents Soap, the first man-made surface active agent Soap production process and raw materials2.1) Oils, fats, and fatty acids2.2) Alkali3) Later soap developments4) Naturally occurring surface active agents4.1) Introduction4.2) Saponins4.3) Bile acids4.4) PhospholipidsPart II – The Advent of Synthetic Surface Active AgentsIntroduction5) Amphoteric surfactants5.1) Introduction5.2) Amphoteric surfactants production processes and raw materials6) Anionic surfactants 6.1) Introduction6.2) Sulphated oils and fatty acids6.3) Sulphated alkyl esters 6.4) Sulphated glycerol esters6.5) Sulphated amides6.6) Sulphated olefins 6.7) Sulphated fatty alcohols (alkyl sulphates) 6.8) Sulphated alkyl, aryl and alkylaryl ethers6.9) Fatty alcohols sulphation process and raw materials6.10) Alkylaryl sulphonates6.10.1) Alkyl naphthalene sulphonates 6.10.2) Naphthalene sulphonate-formaldehyde condensates 6.10.3) Alkyl benzene sulphonates6.10.4) Alkyl diphenyl oxide (di) sulfonates6.11) Alkyl (paraffin) sulphonates6.12) Olefin sulphonates6.13) Methyl esters sulphonates6.14) Isethionates6.15) Dicarboxylic (sulfosuccinates) and tricarboxylic sulfonated esters6.16) Sulphonation process and raw materials6.16.1) Alkylation of an aromatic moiety6.16.2) Sulphation and sulphonation agents 6.17) Phosphate esters 6.18) Surfactants based on amino acids and proteins hydrolysates 6.18.1) Acyl taurates6.18.2) Acyl sarcosinates6.18.3) Acyl glutamates6.18.4) Acyl glycinates6.18.5) Other amino acids surfactants6.18.6) Hydrolysed proteins surfactants7) Cationic surfactants7.1) Introduction7.2) Cationic surfactants production processes and raw materials8) Nonionic surfactants8.1) Introduction8.2) Alkoxylation of fatty alcohols and alkyl phenols8.3) Alkoxylated derivatives of fatty acid esters with polyhydric alcohols8.3.1) The HLB Concept8.4) Sorbitan esters8.5) Polysorbates8.6) Alkylpolyglucosides (APG)8.7) Amine oxides8.8) Ethoxylated fatty amines8.9) Ethoxylated methyl esters8.10) EO, PO homo and copolymers8.11) Ethoxylated mercaptans8.12) Nonionic surfactants raw materials8.12.1) Alkylphenols and alkyl naphthols8.12.2) Fatty alcohols8.12.2.1) Natural fatty alcohols8.12.2.1.1) Reduction of fatty acids8.12.2.1.2) Hydrogenation of fatty acid mono methyl esters8.12.2.1.3) Hydrogenation of fatty acids triglycerides8.12.2.2) Synthetic fatty alcohols8.12.2.2.1) The SHOP process8.12.2.2.2) The CTL/GTL process8.12.2.2.3) The Ziegler processes8.12.2.2.4) Fatty alcohols conclusions8.12.3) Ethylene oxide8.12.4) Propylene oxide8.12.5) Fatty acids 8.12.6) Fatty amines9) Other surfactants9.1) Silicone surfactants9.2) Fluorosurfactants9.3) Acetylenic surfactantsPart III - Washing and Cleaning Habits10) Washing linen and clothes 11) Body washing and personal hygiene