Carlos Yebra López (PhD from New York University) is an Assistant Professor in Spanish Linguistics at California State University, Fullerton. He has worked as a Ladino instructor at the Oxford School of Rare Jewish Languages, and as a CEO of Ladino 21 Community Interest Company, a public outreach initiative and digital archive devoted to grassroots documentation of Ladino.

• Introduction: Theoretical Framework, Scope Methodology, and ChaptersPart 1: Web 1.0: The Mostly-Read Stage (1990s-)Chapter 1: Correspondence Circles (1999-): Ladinokomunita, Ladino Culture Forum, and SefaradiMuestroPart 2: Web 2.0: The Participative, Multisemiotic, Multimodal Social Stage (2000s-)Chapter 2: Digital Archives on YouTube (2011-): Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino i su Kultura, eSefarad CCSefarad, Wikitongues, Ladino 21, and VLACHChapter 3: Social Media and Language Learning Apps (2017-): Facebook, X, WhatsApp, TikTok, Duolingo, and uTalkChapter 4: Zoom Boom (2020-2): The Sephardic Digital Academy, Enkontros de Alhad, the Oxford School of Rare Jewish LanguagesChapter 5: Video-On-Demand and Streaming Services (2021-): The Netflix Shows Kulüp and The Beauty Queen of JerusalemPart 3: Web 3.0: The Decentralised, Blockchain- and Token-Based Stage (2010s-)Chapter 6: Sepharad 5? (2022-): The Metaverse and The Network StateConclusion

Carlos Yebra López (PhD from New York University) is an Assistant Professor in Spanish Linguistics at California State University, Fullerton. He has worked as a Ladino instructor at the Oxford School of Rare Jewish Languages, and as a CEO of Ladino 21 Community Interest Company, a public outreach initiative and digital archive devoted to grassroots documentation of Ladino.

• Introduction: Theoretical Framework, Scope Methodology, and ChaptersPart 1: Web 1.0: The Mostly-Read Stage (1990s-)Chapter 1: Correspondence Circles (1999-): Ladinokomunita, Ladino Culture Forum, and SefaradiMuestroPart 2: Web 2.0: The Participative, Multisemiotic, Multimodal Social Stage (2000s-)Chapter 2: Digital Archives on YouTube (2011-): Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino i su Kultura, eSefarad CCSefarad, Wikitongues, Ladino 21, and VLACHChapter 3: Social Media and Language Learning Apps (2017-): Facebook, X, WhatsApp, TikTok, Duolingo, and uTalkChapter 4: Zoom Boom (2020-2): The Sephardic Digital Academy, Enkontros de Alhad, the Oxford School of Rare Jewish LanguagesChapter 5: Video-On-Demand and Streaming Services (2021-): The Netflix Shows Kulüp and The Beauty Queen of JerusalemPart 3: Web 3.0: The Decentralised, Blockchain- and Token-Based Stage (2010s-)Chapter 6: Sepharad 5? (2022-): The Metaverse and The Network StateConclusion

Carlos Yebra López (PhD from New York University) is an Assistant Professor in Spanish Linguistics at California State University, Fullerton. He has worked as a Ladino instructor at the Oxford School of Rare Jewish Languages, and as a CEO of Ladino 21 Community Interest Company, a public outreach initiative and digital archive devoted to grassroots documentation of Ladino.

• Introduction: Theoretical Framework, Scope Methodology, and ChaptersPart 1: Web 1.0: The Mostly-Read Stage (1990s-)Chapter 1: Correspondence Circles (1999-): Ladinokomunita, Ladino Culture Forum, and SefaradiMuestroPart 2: Web 2.0: The Participative, Multisemiotic, Multimodal Social Stage (2000s-)Chapter 2: Digital Archives on YouTube (2011-): Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino i su Kultura, eSefarad CCSefarad, Wikitongues, Ladino 21, and VLACHChapter 3: Social Media and Language Learning Apps (2017-): Facebook, X, WhatsApp, TikTok, Duolingo, and uTalkChapter 4: Zoom Boom (2020-2): The Sephardic Digital Academy, Enkontros de Alhad, the Oxford School of Rare Jewish LanguagesChapter 5: Video-On-Demand and Streaming Services (2021-): The Netflix Shows Kulüp and The Beauty Queen of JerusalemPart 3: Web 3.0: The Decentralised, Blockchain- and Token-Based Stage (2010s-)Chapter 6: Sepharad 5? (2022-): The Metaverse and The Network StateConclusion