Edited by Kenneth A. Couch, Professor, Department of Economics, University of Connecticut, USA

‘The editor and writers must be congratulated for coming together to generate this professionally important, empirically sound, policy relevant, and evidence-based conclusions and implications on inequality effects of the pandemic.’

• Contents1 Inequality and COVID-19 1Kenneth A. CouchPART I COVID-19 AND INEQUALITY IN HEALTH2 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy by race andethnicity in the United States 15Elizabeth Arias, Kenneth D. Kochanek, and Betzaida Tejada-Vera3 COVID-19 and social distancing: do non-pharmaceutical-interventionswork (at least) in the short run? 35David Bardey, Manuel Fernández, and Alexis Gravel4 Regional differences in COVID-19 vaccination rates across Europe 52Nicholas A. Jolly, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos, and Georgios Voucharas5 Impact of COVID-19 on racial and ethnic disparities in out-of-pockethealth-care spending 72Johanna Thunell, Patricia Ferido, and Julie Zissimopoulos6 Effects of COVID-19 shutdowns on domestic violence in the United States 88Yutong Chen, Amalia R. Miller, Carmit Segal, and Melissa K. Spencer7 Racial and ethnic health disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic 105Joseph Benitez, Charles Courtemanche, and Aaron Yelowitz8 The effect of government COVID-19 containment measures on mentalhealth in China 119Jingwei Huang and Wei ZhengPART II COVID-19 AND LABOR MARKET INEQUALITY9 The long-term impact of COVID-19 on minority employment by gender 135Kenneth A. Couch, Robert W. Fairlie, and Huanan Xu10 COVID-19, work from home and the organization of work time formen and women in the United States 151Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, José Ignacio Giménez-Nadal andAlmudena Sevilla11 Well-being throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: genderedeffects of daycare and school closures 167Mathias Huebener, Sevrin Waights, and C. Katharina Spieß12 Immigrant employment during the COVID-19 pandemic 183George J. Borjas and Hugh Cassidy13 Heterogeneity in labor supply and exits among older adults during theCOVID-19 pandemic 198Gopi Shah Goda, Emilie Jackson, Lauren Hersch Nicholas, RosemaryRhodes, and Sarah S. Stith14 Reviewing the impact of federal policy responses to COVID-19 on poverty 221Gregory Acs, Linda Giannarelli, Laura Wheaton, and Sarah Minton15 Enhanced unemployment insurance benefits in the United States duringCOVID-19: equity and efficiency 239Robert G. Valletta and Mary YilmaPART III COVID-19 AND EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY16 Evidence on the large negative and heterogenous effects of thepandemic on student achievement 254Ian Callen, Dan Goldhaber, and Emily Morton17 Changes in public school enrollment: evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic 278Shaun M. Dougherty, Hannah C. Kistler, and Yerin Yoon18 The COVID-19 pandemic: learning loss and educational inequalities in Italy 296Dalit Contini, Marina Della Giusta, Maria Laura Di Tommaso and DanielaPiazzalunga19 The impact of COVID-19 on students’ social-emotional well-being 310Jennifer Greif Green, Ruchi Mendiratta Khanna, Andrew Bacher-Hicks, andMelissa Holt20 COVID-19 and the health and well-being of preschool-aged children 325Sirui Qiu and David Simon21 COVID-19 and academic performance in higher education 341Núria Rodríguez-Planas and Mehlika Ozsoy22 Effects of COVID-19 on gender gaps in educational outcomes ofcollege students in Italy 364Massimiliano Bratti and Enrico Lippo

Edited by Kenneth A. Couch, Professor, Department of Economics, University of Connecticut, USA

‘The editor and writers must be congratulated for coming together to generate this professionally important, empirically sound, policy relevant, and evidence-based conclusions and implications on inequality effects of the pandemic.’

• Contents1 Inequality and COVID-19 1Kenneth A. CouchPART I COVID-19 AND INEQUALITY IN HEALTH2 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy by race andethnicity in the United States 15Elizabeth Arias, Kenneth D. Kochanek, and Betzaida Tejada-Vera3 COVID-19 and social distancing: do non-pharmaceutical-interventionswork (at least) in the short run? 35David Bardey, Manuel Fernández, and Alexis Gravel4 Regional differences in COVID-19 vaccination rates across Europe 52Nicholas A. Jolly, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos, and Georgios Voucharas5 Impact of COVID-19 on racial and ethnic disparities in out-of-pockethealth-care spending 72Johanna Thunell, Patricia Ferido, and Julie Zissimopoulos6 Effects of COVID-19 shutdowns on domestic violence in the United States 88Yutong Chen, Amalia R. Miller, Carmit Segal, and Melissa K. Spencer7 Racial and ethnic health disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic 105Joseph Benitez, Charles Courtemanche, and Aaron Yelowitz8 The effect of government COVID-19 containment measures on mentalhealth in China 119Jingwei Huang and Wei ZhengPART II COVID-19 AND LABOR MARKET INEQUALITY9 The long-term impact of COVID-19 on minority employment by gender 135Kenneth A. Couch, Robert W. Fairlie, and Huanan Xu10 COVID-19, work from home and the organization of work time formen and women in the United States 151Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, José Ignacio Giménez-Nadal andAlmudena Sevilla11 Well-being throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: genderedeffects of daycare and school closures 167Mathias Huebener, Sevrin Waights, and C. Katharina Spieß12 Immigrant employment during the COVID-19 pandemic 183George J. Borjas and Hugh Cassidy13 Heterogeneity in labor supply and exits among older adults during theCOVID-19 pandemic 198Gopi Shah Goda, Emilie Jackson, Lauren Hersch Nicholas, RosemaryRhodes, and Sarah S. Stith14 Reviewing the impact of federal policy responses to COVID-19 on poverty 221Gregory Acs, Linda Giannarelli, Laura Wheaton, and Sarah Minton15 Enhanced unemployment insurance benefits in the United States duringCOVID-19: equity and efficiency 239Robert G. Valletta and Mary YilmaPART III COVID-19 AND EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY16 Evidence on the large negative and heterogenous effects of thepandemic on student achievement 254Ian Callen, Dan Goldhaber, and Emily Morton17 Changes in public school enrollment: evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic 278Shaun M. Dougherty, Hannah C. Kistler, and Yerin Yoon18 The COVID-19 pandemic: learning loss and educational inequalities in Italy 296Dalit Contini, Marina Della Giusta, Maria Laura Di Tommaso and DanielaPiazzalunga19 The impact of COVID-19 on students’ social-emotional well-being 310Jennifer Greif Green, Ruchi Mendiratta Khanna, Andrew Bacher-Hicks, andMelissa Holt20 COVID-19 and the health and well-being of preschool-aged children 325Sirui Qiu and David Simon21 COVID-19 and academic performance in higher education 341Núria Rodríguez-Planas and Mehlika Ozsoy22 Effects of COVID-19 on gender gaps in educational outcomes ofcollege students in Italy 364Massimiliano Bratti and Enrico Lippo

Edited by Kenneth A. Couch, Professor, Department of Economics, University of Connecticut, USA

‘The editor and writers must be congratulated for coming together to generate this professionally important, empirically sound, policy relevant, and evidence-based conclusions and implications on inequality effects of the pandemic.’

• Contents1 Inequality and COVID-19 1Kenneth A. CouchPART I COVID-19 AND INEQUALITY IN HEALTH2 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy by race andethnicity in the United States 15Elizabeth Arias, Kenneth D. Kochanek, and Betzaida Tejada-Vera3 COVID-19 and social distancing: do non-pharmaceutical-interventionswork (at least) in the short run? 35David Bardey, Manuel Fernández, and Alexis Gravel4 Regional differences in COVID-19 vaccination rates across Europe 52Nicholas A. Jolly, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos, and Georgios Voucharas5 Impact of COVID-19 on racial and ethnic disparities in out-of-pockethealth-care spending 72Johanna Thunell, Patricia Ferido, and Julie Zissimopoulos6 Effects of COVID-19 shutdowns on domestic violence in the United States 88Yutong Chen, Amalia R. Miller, Carmit Segal, and Melissa K. Spencer7 Racial and ethnic health disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic 105Joseph Benitez, Charles Courtemanche, and Aaron Yelowitz8 The effect of government COVID-19 containment measures on mentalhealth in China 119Jingwei Huang and Wei ZhengPART II COVID-19 AND LABOR MARKET INEQUALITY9 The long-term impact of COVID-19 on minority employment by gender 135Kenneth A. Couch, Robert W. Fairlie, and Huanan Xu10 COVID-19, work from home and the organization of work time formen and women in the United States 151Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, José Ignacio Giménez-Nadal andAlmudena Sevilla11 Well-being throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: genderedeffects of daycare and school closures 167Mathias Huebener, Sevrin Waights, and C. Katharina Spieß12 Immigrant employment during the COVID-19 pandemic 183George J. Borjas and Hugh Cassidy13 Heterogeneity in labor supply and exits among older adults during theCOVID-19 pandemic 198Gopi Shah Goda, Emilie Jackson, Lauren Hersch Nicholas, RosemaryRhodes, and Sarah S. Stith14 Reviewing the impact of federal policy responses to COVID-19 on poverty 221Gregory Acs, Linda Giannarelli, Laura Wheaton, and Sarah Minton15 Enhanced unemployment insurance benefits in the United States duringCOVID-19: equity and efficiency 239Robert G. Valletta and Mary YilmaPART III COVID-19 AND EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY16 Evidence on the large negative and heterogenous effects of thepandemic on student achievement 254Ian Callen, Dan Goldhaber, and Emily Morton17 Changes in public school enrollment: evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic 278Shaun M. Dougherty, Hannah C. Kistler, and Yerin Yoon18 The COVID-19 pandemic: learning loss and educational inequalities in Italy 296Dalit Contini, Marina Della Giusta, Maria Laura Di Tommaso and DanielaPiazzalunga19 The impact of COVID-19 on students’ social-emotional well-being 310Jennifer Greif Green, Ruchi Mendiratta Khanna, Andrew Bacher-Hicks, andMelissa Holt20 COVID-19 and the health and well-being of preschool-aged children 325Sirui Qiu and David Simon21 COVID-19 and academic performance in higher education 341Núria Rodríguez-Planas and Mehlika Ozsoy22 Effects of COVID-19 on gender gaps in educational outcomes ofcollege students in Italy 364Massimiliano Bratti and Enrico Lippo