Edited by Angeliki Menegaki, Department of Business Administration and Tourism, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Greece

‘The Elgar Encyclopedia of Energy Economics is a comprehensive reference work offering an accessible and up-to-date treatment of energy economics. It presents the complexity and importance of energy economics in contributions from leading authorities, giving readers a broad understanding of foundational concepts, rapidly evolving technologies, the most critical policy challenges, and global perspectives on the issues.’

• ContentsPreface xiv1 Affordable energy 1Most. Asikha Aktar and Md.Mahmudul Alam2 African forests and global netzero transitions 7Michael Addaney, SamuelNana Safo Kantanka andRachel Yeboah Nketiah3 Aggregate energy demandelasticities 14Hillard Huntington4 Artificial intelligence andenergy economics 16Cosimo Magazzino5 Balancing platforms 24Cédric Clastres and Laureen Deman6 Bioeconomy and energies 29Jean Pierre Doussoulin andBenoît Mougenot7 Bioenergy 32Galyna Trypolska8 Biofuels 34J. Wesley Burnett9 Blockchain in energy 36Nikolaos Papamatthaiou10 Carbon intensity 41José Goldemberg11 Carbon taxes 45Margit Schratzenstaller12 Chinese energy consumption 50Usman Khalid13 Circular dynamics of energy 53Reza Aghdam and Nisar Ahmad14 Circular economy 56Javier Cifuentes-Faura15 Coal power economics 58Alok Kumar Tripathi andTanya Tripathi16 Common pool resources 60Ana Espinola-Arredondo andFelix Munoz-Garcia17 Computable generalequilibrium modeling 64Shahriyar Nasirov and Raul O’Ryan18 Conventional energy 66Khadar Ahmed Dirie and Md.Mahmudul Alam19 Convergence in CO2 emissions 69Sedat Alataş20 Cost–benefit analysis 73Dilvin Taskin21 Crude oil bubbles 75Gökhan Kartal22 Cyber-physical systems 82Asimina Mertzani23 Demand-side modeling ofenergy 84Jeyhun I. Mikayilov24 Discrete-continuous choicemodel 90Sho Kuroda25 Eco-industry 92Bernard Sinclair-Desgagné26 Ecological debts and energy–material debts 97Fander Falconi and Rafael Burbano27 Effects of renewable energy oncarbon dioxide emissions 109Paul Adjei Kwakwa28 Electricity conservationbehavior in the African youth 111Paul Adjei Kwakwa,Hamdiyah Alhassan andMichael Addaney29 Electricity transmissionand distribution losses indeveloping countries 115Paul Adjei Kwakwa30 Emissions pricing 119Jorge H. Garcia and Thomas Sterner31 Energy and competition 124Panagiotis Fotis and Maria Korre32 Energy and tourism 127Panagiotis Fotis and Maria Korre33 Energy cartels 131Agaptus Nwozor34 Energy convergence 134Mita Bhattacharya and Eric Yan35 Energy diplomacy 136Hrushikesh Mallick36 Energy economics and politicaleconomy 141Md. Monirul Islam37 Energy–economy–environment 145Md. Mahmudul Alam andKhadar Ahmed Dirie38 Energy efficiency gap 149Anshita Sachan and AshisKumar Pradhan39 Energy finance vs energyeconomics 154Godswill Osuma and NtokozoNzimande40 Energy flows diagram 157Nisar Ahmad and Reza Aghdam41 Energy governance 159Olabode Oyewunmi42 Energy–growth nexus 163Chor Foon Tang43 Energy justice 166Mengyao Han and Michael Dunford44 Energy law 169Kyriaki Noussia45 Energy measurement 171George Ekonomou46 Energy poverty 175Jane Fry47 Energy poverty and climatechange 180Mduduzi Biyase and NtokozoNzimande48 Energy poverty and energyaccess in rural Africa 184Lewis Ofori Amankona,Kwame Awuah Baffour andJonas Ayaribilla Akudugu49 Energy price volatility 190Mosab I. Tabash50 Energy productivity 193Mara E. Vidali51 Energy return on investment(EROI) 196Charles A.S. Hall52 Energy security 203Hooi Hooi Lean53 Energy supply chain 205Giannis T. Tsoulfas54 Energy Trilemma Index 209Dalia M. Ibrahiem55 Environment diplomacy 212Hrushikesh Mallick56 Environmental impact accident 215Taofeeq Ibn-Mohammed,Fred Amofa Yamoah andAdolf Acquaye57 ESG (environmental and socialgovernance) 218Kanellos Toudas58 European energy sector 221Răzvan Gh. V. Ionescu59 Externalities 223Sonia Schwartz60 Financial derivatives in energyeconomics 226Roshaiza Taha61 Financial inclusion and energypoverty 229Maiyra Ahmed and Syed Ali Raza62 Financing energy communitiesin Africa 233Michael Addaney, FelixAgbatey and Paul Adjei Kwakwa63 Fossil fuels subsidies removal 240Valeria Costantini and ElenaPaglialunga64 Free-trade agreements andenergies 245Benoît Mougenot and JeanPierre Doussoulin65 Fusion commercialisation 247William Nuttall and TomWallace-Smith66 Gender and energy 253Hauwah K. K. AbdulKareem67 Gendered energy transition inrural Africa 255Jonas Ayaribilla Akudugu,Mary-Magdalene Apio andRachel Yeboah Nketiah68 GHGs (greenhouse gases)emission reduction 261Konstantinos Kounetas69 Global warming 265Özgür Bayram Soylu70 Green bonds 268Paraskevi Boufounou71 Green economy 272Melike Atay Polat72 Green investment 274Mohammad Awwal Adeshinaand Zainab Adedamola Suleiman73 Greenwashing 279Udit Kumar Sahu and AshisKumar Pradhan74 Indigenous renewable energytechnologies 285Obindah Gershon75 Innovation 288Eka Sudarmaji76 Input–output analysis 291Gregori Tullio77 International Energy Agency 294Vahe Davtyan78 Legal compliance for energy 297Paul Atagamen Aidonojie79 Levelized cost of energy (withapplication to floating offshorewind turbines) 302Stella Tsani, ChrysoulaChitou and Constantine Michailides80 Local energy trading 307Cédric Clastres, MauriceKangni Ekoue and Laura Wangen81 Long-run multipliers 311Gregori Tullio82 Macro energy–GDP relationship 314Brantley Liddle83 MARKAL analysis 320Nadejda Victor andChristopher J. Nichols84 Muhammad Shahbaz 329Muhammad Shahbaz85 Multi-criteria decision analysis 338Mahammad Nuriyev86 Natural gas and economicgrowth in Nigeria 342Adedoyin Isola Lawal87 Natural gas markets 346Michał Rubaszek and Karol Szafranek88 Non-linear oil pricetransformations 348Scott Mark Romeo Mahadeo89 Nuclear energy 352Daniel H. Karney90 Oil and gas production 355Angeliki N. Menegaki91 Oil-based sovereign wealthfunds 357Stella Tsani and Chrysoula Chitou92 Politics of energy transition 361Samuel Sunday Idowu93 Pollution haven hypothesis(PHH) 365Burcu Ozcan94 Pollution sphere 369Florian Marcel Nuță95 Power geopolitics 371Mohammad Awwal Adeshinaand Abdulazeez Ogunleye96 Power-to-gas technologies 377Attila Bai, Ardit Sertolli andPéter Balogh97 Prosumer in energy 385Valbona Karapici and Fatmir Memaj98 Qualitative analysis 388Pavlos Paraskevaidis99 Renewable energy expansionand sustainable development 390Paul Terhemba Iorember100 Renewable energy financialinstruments 393Caroline Orset101 Renewable energy transition 398*Anonymous (*for professional reasons the contributor has declined to provide their name and affiliation)102 Resource curse 401Timothy Fitzgerald103 Restorative justice 404Paul Atagamen Aidonojie104 “Rockets and feathers”phenomenon 410Stella Tsani and Alexandros Tsioutsios105 Rural electricity 412J. Wesley Burnett106 Second-life batteries 415Mohammed Khalifa Al-Alawi107 Self-adaptive systems 417Asimina Mertzani108 Shocks 419Mucahit Aydin109 STIRPAT analysis 422Brantley Liddle and Nicolas Schneider110 Stochastic Frontier Analysis 425Marcelo Piemonte Ribeiro111 Supervised learning 429Asimina Mertzani112 Sustainability 431Ioannis Chasiotis113 Sustainability reporting 434Gerald Guan Gan Goh114 The colors of finance 436Alina Cristina Nuta115 The duck curve in electricitydemand 438Angeliki N. Menegaki116 The economics of natural gas 441Mohamed Jaouad Malzi andTereza Němečková117 The economics of solar energy 444Umit Bulut118 The rebound effect 446David Stern119 The social cost of carbon 449Richard S.J. Tol120 Theory of EEID (energyefficiency, intensity,dependence) 453Syeda Tayyaba Ijaz andSumayya Chughtai121 Trends in electricity use 458George Ekonomou122 Unburnable fuels 464Fander Falconi123 Urban energy sustainability 470Athari Abdulaziz Almutawa124 Urbanization and energyeconomics 473Jana Chovancová125 Waste and energies 476Jean Pierre Doussoulin andBenoît Mougenot126 Wholesale electricity markets 479Joseph E. Duggan Jr andRamteen Sioshansi127 Wind energy 482Anis KhayatiIndex 485