Encyclopedia of Sport Management

Edited by Paul M. Pedersen, PhD, Professor of Sport Management, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, US

‘The second edition ensures that the Encyclopedia remains a relevant and up-to-date resource for both current and future readers. To sum up, the Encyclopedia of Sport Management is a highly recommended resource for anyone seeking a comprehensive introduction to the field.’

• ContentsPreface xxxiAbleism 1Kaja PotekoAcademic history of sport management 2Alan S. KornspanAccreditation 5Heather AldermanAction Research 9Robbie MatzActivation 10Jonathan J. BenedekActive aging 12Richard Keith WrightActivism 14Elizabeth A. GreggAdaptive sport 15Joshua R. PateAdvertising 17Minkyo LeeAesthetics 19Jhih-yin Diane Lee and Wen-haoWinston ChouAgainst modern football 21Marko MustapićAgeism 22Melissa JamesAgency 22Charles Mountifield and StirlingSharpeAgenda setting 24Evan FrederickAgents 26Charles Mountifield and StirlingSharpeAging and sport 28Amy Chan Hyung KimAI bots 29Katja Sonkeng and Ismail AsiimweAlternative sports 31Sehwan Kim and Jepkorir RoseChepyator-ThomsonAmateur sport 32Ary Jose Rocco JuniorAmateur sport athlete development 33Thordis Gisladottir and PatrickA. ReidAmbush marketing 35John GradyAmericans with Disabilities Act 37Joshua R. PateAnalytics 38N. David PiferAnti-doping policies 41Jonathan Ruwuya and Jules WoolfAntitrust 43Mark S. NagelApologia 45Kevin A. Stein and Matthew H. BartonApplied research 47Frauke HachtmannArbitration 48Michael FrainaArtificial intelligence 50Alex Sévigny and Mark DottoriArtistic entertainment 52Hannah Huiyuan Bo and JamesJ. ZhangAssociations 54Alan S. KornspanAthleisure 56Kristi Sweeney and Jason W. LeeAthlete branding 57Antonio S. Williams and Zack P.PedersenAthlete development 59Sarah Stokowski and Lisa M. RubinAthlete marketing 60Muammer .ztürkAthlete representation 61Jörg KriegerAthletic conferences 63David ZinnAthletic director 65Eric ForsythAthletic leadership academies 66Duane AagaardAtmospherics 68Jason W. LeeAttendance 70Payam Ansari and Dominik SchreyerAudience 72Tang TangAutographs 74Ray G. SchneiderAutomated sports journalism 75Jessica Kunert and Sam DuncanBarriers 78Thordis Gisladottir and PatrickA. ReidBaseball management 79Hayden Coombs and Reese McCulleyBasic research 81Frauke HachtmannBasketball management 82Chris CroftBehavior 84Matthew Charles HigginsBehavioral finance 87Arif YüceBenchmarking 88James MooreBetting 89Arif YüceBettor 92Arif YüceBias 93Tomika FergusonBig Data 95Sinhae RohBIRFing 96Sean PradhanBIRGing 97Hayden Coombs and Sean PradhanBlogging 99Dustin HahnBody 101Luca BifulcoBoosters 102Sandra ShawverBowl system 103Annemarie Farrell and Rachel MadsenBrand community 105Henry WearBrand identity 107Jason W. LeeBrand marks 108Zack P. Pedersen and Antonio S.WilliamsBrand purpose 110Timothy RobeersBranded entertainment 111Rebecca M. AchenBranding 112Jason W. LeeBroadcasting 116Valerie BonnetBusiness analytics 118Andrea WilkBusiness plan 119Robert CaseBusiness-to-business 120Ashlee MorganBusiness-to-consumer 122Marisa Sousa and Maria JoséCarvalhoCampus recreation 124Cara LuciaCannabis and sport 125Tywan G. Martin and Mike JamesCarbon footprint 127Jamee A. PelcherCartel 129Hayden CoombsCase study 131Gashaw AbezaCause-related marketing 134Keevan StatzCelebrity 135Timothy RobeersCentrality 137Jeremy J. Foreman and BaykalM. L. AltinerCentralization 138Valerio della SalaCharity sporting events 140Woo-Young Lee and Kyungun(Ryan) KimCircular economy 141Isabelle Dachs and Tim BreitbarthCivic engagement 143Alex Gang and Eunah JoClimate action 145Tim Breitbarth and Hanno MartensClimate change 147Arif YüceCloud computing 148Philip F. EstesClub system 150Katja Sonkeng and Ismail AsiimweClustering 152Robert ZulloCognitive miser theory 153Troy Carlton and Kirby D. BoehmCollective bargaining agreement 155Farah J. Ishaq and Wonock ChungCollege athlete labor movement 157Ellen J. StaurowskyCollege recruiting 161Chris Corr and Richard M. SouthallCollegiate sport governance 163Brian HofmanCommercialization 166Tomasz Taraszkiewicz and JuliaZi—łkowskaCommissioner 167Ryan VoorisCommissions 169Cheri L. BradishCommunication 170Damion Sturm and Trish BradburyCommunication accommodation 172Hayden Coombs and Braden BagleyCommunication privacy management 173Heath Hooper and Michael A. RossCommunity interventions 175LaShawn D. NastvogelCommunity relations 176Brody J. RuihleyCommunity sport management 177Troy CarltonCompetencies 181Trish Bradbury and Damion SturmCompetitive balance 182Bradley J. BakerCompetitive cheerleading management 184Carolynn P. HobbsCompliance 185Thordis Gisladottir and PatrickA. ReidComputer programming language 187Jerred Junqi WangConcessions 188Mark A. SlavichConference office management 190Tyler A. Williams and Beth A.CianfroneConference realignment 193Rachel Madsen and Annemarie FarrellConferences 195Stirling SharpeConsolidation 196Lauren C. AndersonConspicuous consumption 198Yong Wang and Luke L. MaoConstruct 200Luke L. MaoConsumer behavior 202Kevin K. ByonContent analysis 204Laura M. HatfieldContent marketing 206Rebecca M. AchenContracts 207Ted CurtisConvergence 208Sinhae RohCopyright 210Ashlee MorganCORFing 211Sean Pradhan and Hayden CoombsCorporate communication 212Karen L. HartmanCorporate social responsibility 214Ju Young LeeCorruption 217Eddie T. C. LamCORSing 220Sean PradhanCreativity 221Kasey SymonsCricket management 222Martin BarrettCrisis communication 223Frauke HachtmannCrisis management 225Damion Sturm and Trish BradburyCritical race theory 227Jonathan E. HoweCritical theory 229Shannon Jolly and Jepkorir RoseChepyator-ThomsonCrowd management 230Wooyoung (William) JangCultural awareness 232Jaime OrejanCultural capital 234Alex C. Gang and Jonathan TerrazasCulture 235Peyton Jo StenslandCurriculum 236Chad WitkemperCurriculum mapping 238Robert CaseCustomer experience 239Luke L. Mao and Sophia D. MinCustomer lifetime value 241Sandra ShawverCustomer relationship management 242Liam MurrayCustomer relationship marketing 243Jennifer Y. MakCustomer services 245Kevin P. CattaniData 248Wanyong ChoiData collection 249Sangchul ParkData management 251Sachin NarayananData science 253Jerred Junqi WangDecentralization 254Valerio Della SalaDecision-making 255Jessica R. Braunstein-MinkoveDecolonizing sport 257Brandon C. Joseph and AlisseAli-JosephDeglobalization 259Jung Woo LeeDemographics 260Eddie T. C. LamDescriptive research 262Jeffrey P. BriggsDesign thinking 263Greg JoachimDeviance 265Melissa JamesDiffusion of innovations 265Jung Woo LeeDigital twin 267Ekaterina GlebovaDigitization 269Michael Anagnostou andAndreas OikonomouDiplomacy 270Brennan K. BergDisability in sport 273Joshua R. PateDisc golf management 275Kirby D. BoehmDiscrimination 277Nicolas DelormeDistant fans 278Haozhou PuDiversification 280Sascha L. Schmidt and JohannesFühnerDiversity 281Cara HoldsclawDocumentaries and films 283Devin Anderson and DemetriusPearsonDoping 285Byron O. Juma and Jules WoolfDraft 288Sean Seiler and Jepkorir RoseChepyator-ThomsonDrug testing 289Jörg Krieger and April HenningEcology 291Madeleine OrrEconomic damages 292Ryan BrewerEconomic impact 294Ryan BrewerEconomics 296Ary Jose Rocco JuniorElectronic gaming 297David P. HedlundEmotional intelligence 299Kevin P. CattaniEmployability 300Kimberly J. Bodey and ChadWitkemperEmployment 302Rennae Williams StoweEndorsement 303Jessica R. Braunstein-MinkoveEntrepreneurship 305Robert CaseEntry level 306Joel CormierEquipment 308Wonyul BaeEquity 309Patrick Crowe and Vincent C. PeñaEscalator concept 312James MooreEsports 312David P. HedlundEsports betting 315Wooyoung (William) Jang &Kevin K. ByonEsports marketing 318Muammer .ztürkEsports venues 319Hüseyin Çevik & James J. ZhangEthics 320Michael A. Ross and Heath HooperEthics and mediatization 322Tracie EdmondsonEthnography 324Hayden Coombs and Ondřej HubkaEvent experience 326Mark A. SlavichEvent impacts 328Luke Potwarka and Adam PappasEvent management 330Luke MashburnEvent marketing 335Luiza Ossowska and DorotaJaniszewskaEvent negotiations 336Lance C. HatfieldExecutive positions 338Petros Vourvachis and MichaelAnagnostouExercising sovereignty 341Alisse Ali-Joseph and Natalie M.WelchExperience quality 343Hüseyin Çevik and James J. ZhangExperiential learning 344Juha Yoon and Cassandra CobleExperimental research 345Sean PradhanExplanatory research 347Arif YüceExploratory research 348John HieExtreme sports 350Rocco P. PorrecaEye tracking 352Arif YüceFacility management 354Luke MashburnFair play 357Ashley RyderFaith and sport 359Hope Grame-Zeller and JanetteWatkinsFamily and sport 360Hope Grame-ZellerFan activism 362Alex C. Gang and Juho ParkFan avidity 364Cheri L. BradishFan identification 364Ilan TamirFanship 366Dustin HahnFantasy sports 368Braden NorrisFashion 370Wonyul BaeFestival and event impact 371Grzegorz Kwiatkowski and EwaMalchrowicz-MośkoFiction 372Kasey SymonsFinance 373Dylan WilliamsFitness management 378Tyler Ratts and Anne L. DeMartiniFlutie effect 380Farah J. IshaqFocus groups 381Myia Graves and Ashley BowersFOMO 383Braden Bagley and Hayden CoombsFootball management 384Caleb KavanaughFor-profit sport 387John Hie and Argyro Elisavet ManoliForeign players 389Thordis Gisladottir and PatrickA. ReidFraming 390Evan FrederickFranchise 392Qingru XuFree agency 394Ted CurtisFútbol management 395Alex J. Ko & Minkyo LeeGambling prevention 397Braden Norris & Arif YüceGame theory 398Bradley J. BakerGamespersonship 399Ashley RyderGatekeeping 401Yavuz DemirGender 402Lucie SchochGender bias 403Esther Akinniyi and Alex C. GangGender equality 405Lucie SchochGender imprinting 406Thordis Gisladottir and PatrickA. ReidGender quotas 407Lucie SchochGender-based violence 409Shannon JollyGendered racism 410Tomika Ferguson and Krystal E.AndrewsGenerative AI 411Philip F. EstesGeography 413Gidon JakarGlobal south 414Wonock ChungGlobalization 414Patrick Crowe and Vincent C. PeñaGlocalization 416John HarrisGoal setting 418Jonathan J. Benedek and Tyler RattsGolf management 420Tim Breitbarth and Geoff DicksonGolf spectatorship 421Yasuhiro WatanabeGovernance 422Eddie T. C. LamGrassroots 426Stirling Sharpe and CharlesMountifieldGreen buildings 427Jamee A. PelcherGreenwashing 429Ekaterina GlebovaGrounded theory 431Frauke HachtmannGroupthink 433Sabrina Reed and Hailey DaehnkeGrowth hacking 434Jan BoehmerGuest service 436Lance C. HatfieldGymnastics management 438Carolynn P. HobbsHall of fame 440Wen-hao Winston ChouHallmark sports events 442Richard Keith WrightHarassment 444Yavuz DemirHazing 445Tyler Ratts and Brian CrowHealth communication 447Braden Bagley and Hayden CoombsHegemony 448Luca BifulcoHidden disability 450Winston KennedyHigh impact practices 452Jessica R. Braunstein-MinkoveHistorically black colleges anduniversities 453Lawrence Julius Hanks IIHistory of sport management 455Alan S. KornspanHockey management 458Joel CormierHospitality 460Luiza Ossowska and DorotaJaniszewskaHuman-centered design 461David Pierce and Erica ShonkwilerHuman resource management 463Stirling Sharpe and CharlesMountifieldHuman rights 465Alex C. Gang and Colton T. AmesIdentity threat and coping 468Yong Wang and Luke L. MaoIdioms 469Michał MazurkiewiczImage 471Mark Dottori and Alex SévignyImmersive experience 472Arif Yüce and Volkan AydoğduImmersive video 474Andreas Hebbel-Seeger andThomas HorkyImmigration 476Mahdi LatififardInclusivity 477Cara HoldsclawIndigenous sport 479Natalie M. Welch and AlisseAli-JosephIndustry 481Julia Zi—łkowska and TomaszTaraszkiewiczInfluencer marketing 483Jessica R. Braunstein-MinkoveInformatics 484Hallie MurrayInformation and communicationtechnology 486Hansol Hwang and Hyejoo YangInformation management 488Heather KennedyInfrastructure 489Julia Zi—łkowska and TomaszTaraszkiewiczInnovation 491Natalie L. SmithInstitutional logic 492Crystal Southall and Richard M.SouthallInstitutional theory 494Crystal Southall and Richard M.SouthallInstitutional work 495Chris Corr and Richard M. SouthallIntegrated marketing communication 496Jan BoehmerIntellectual property 498Katie M. Brown and Zack P. PedersenIntercollegiate athletics 500Kathryn SheaInterdisciplinary 503Heather KennedyInternational news coverage 504Simon LičenInternational sport management 505Minseok Cho and Wonyul BaeInternational student-athletes 507Hayden Coombs and Skyler CoombsInternational volunteerism 509Randall GriffithsInternships 510Jonathan J. BenedekInterpersonal skills 512Hamid Ghasemi and Braden NorrisInterscholastic athletics 514Scott GrantIntersectionality 516Kasey SymonsInterviewing 518Yair GalilyJob satisfaction 520Lance C. HatfieldJock tax 521Dylan WilliamsJournalism 522Daniel Nölleke and Jörg-Uwe NielandJournals 524Kihan KimKayfabe 527Bill Kershisnik and Hayden CoombsKey performance indicators 529Martin BarrettKnowledge 530Gregg RichLabor management 532Jeremy J. Foreman and BaykalM. L. AltinerLabor markets 533Jeremy J. Foreman and BaykalM. L. AltinerLanguage competence 535Jaime OrejanLaw 536Mark Dodds and Barbara OsborneLeader-member exchange theory 540Gregory A. CranmerLeadership 541Ana Roman Dominguez andElizabeth A. GreggLeagues 543James MooreLearning 544Johnny CapraLegacy 546Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko andGrzegorz KwiatkowskiLegitimacy 547Mark Dottori and Alex SévignyLeisure behavior 549Wonock Chung and Farah J. IshaqLGBTQ 551Melissa JamesLicensing 552Jonathan J. BenedekLifelong sport 553Yasuhiro Watanabe and JamesJ. ZhangLifestyle brand 554Jason W. LeeLifestyle sports 556Marika Cappetta and Luca BifulcoLiterature 558Kasey SymonsLoad management 559Katja Sonkeng and JepkorirRose Chepyator-ThomsonLogistics 561Tim Breitbarth and David M. HeroldLogos 563Zack P. PedersenLoyalty 564Bradley J. BakerLuxury boxes and suites 566Craig Morehead and Chad WitkemperLuxury tax 567Duane AagaardMachine learning 570Lee Allison and James Robert Blair IIIManagement 571Jason L. PerryManagement by objectives 573Dean A. BrandManagement information systems 574Jan BoehmerMarket research 576Jan BoehmerMarket value 577Jillian McNiff Villemaire andBlen SolomonMarketing 579Sanghak LeeMarketing mix 582Zack P. Pedersen and Antonio S.WilliamsMartial arts management 583John R. MalmoMascots 585Michał MazurkiewiczMatch manipulation 587Argyro Elisavet ManoliMatch officials 589Stirling SharpeMedia 591Matthew ZimmermanMedia company 593Alessandro Formisano andGiancarlo PanicoMedia relations 594Argyro Elisavet ManoliMedia rights 596Ryan VoorisMedia stress 597Elsa KristiansenMedia technology 598Sanghyeon Kim and Adam KargMediated sports consumption 600Luke L. Mao and Min Jung KimMediation 602Sangchul Park and Sanghoon KimMediatization 603Tracie EdmondsonMega sporting events 605Juha YoonMemorabilia 607Ray G. SchneiderMental health 608Heath Hooper and Michael A. RossMentoring 611Hailey Daehnke and Sabrina ReedMerchandise and apparel 612Yoon Heo and Sung Wook SonMetaverse 614Sam S. Chen and James J. ZhangMicro-betting 616Braden NorrisMiddle management 617Stephanie M. VlachMigration 618B. Nalani ButlerMinistry and sport 620Hope Grame-Zeller and JanetteWatkinsMixed methods 621Gashaw AbezaMobile commerce 624Liang XiaoModerated mediation 626Sangchul Park and Sanghoon KimModeration 627Sangchul Park and Sanghoon KimMotivation 629Tyler A. Williams and Beth A.CianfroneMotorsport management 631Clay E. HarshawMovement for life 635LaShawn D. NastvogelMulti-club ownership 636Julian Hadwiger and Sascha L.SchmidtName, image, and likeness 639Dominique C. KroppNaming rights 641Wen-hao Winston ChouNationalism 643Anthony J. WeemsNegligence 645Thomas J. OrrNeoliberalism 646Jung Woo LeeNetnography 647Yiran SuNetworking 649Brian PrueggerNetworks 651Kevin HullNiche sports 652Kateřina Turkov‡NIL collectives 653Kelly J. Brummett and AntonioS. WilliamsNIL in interscholastic athletics 655Scott GrantNo-shows 657Dominik SchreyerNon-fungible tokens 659Bradley J. BakerNonprofit sport 661Kelsey SlaterNostalgia 662Mark A. SlavichObservation 665Mark D. OrlandoOnline communication networks 667Juha YoonOnline sports betting 668Hyunseok Song and Kevin K. ByonOnline survey panel services 670Kevin K. Byon and Junwoo ChoiOptimization 671Heather KennedyOrganizational behavior 672Cassandra CobleOrganizational justice 676Claudia Benavides-Espinoza andAmanda Wheeler GryffinOrganizational networks 678Hagen WäscheOrganizational policy 680Vandy Pacetti-DonelsonOrganizational socialization 681Gregory A. CranmerOrganizational structure 683Zachary EvansOrganization theory 685Ary Jose Rocco JuniorOutsourcing 686Ashley BowersOwned media 687Daniel Nölleke and Jörg-Uwe NielandOwnership 688Hayden Coombs and Braden BagleyPandemic 691Jörg-Uwe Nieland and Daniel NöllekePara sports management 692Veronika Mackov‡Paralipsis 694Hayden Coombs and Matthew H.BartonParasocial 696Bradley J. BakerParenting and sport 698Hope Grame-ZellerPartial least squares sem 699Kevin K. Byon & Wooyoung(William) JangParticipative pricing 702James Robert Blair III and Lee AllisonParticipatory sport events 705Troy T. Zhao and James J. ZhangPedagogy 706Chad WitkemperPeer mentoring 708Ammon Harris and Hayden CoombsPeer review 709Hayden Coombs and Braden BagleyPerformance analytics 711Andrea WilkPerformance appraisal 712Tyler RattsPerformance management 714Kimberly J. Bodey and ChadWitkemperPerforming sport politics 715Trygve B. BrochPersonal branding 717Christie M. KleinmannPersonnel management 718Taylor M. HansonPhenomenology 720Robbie MatzPhilanthropy 721Elisabeth A. EricksonPhilosophy 723Rocco P. PorrecaPhygital marketing 725Volkan Aydoğdu & Arif YücePickleball management 726Jason W. LeePodcasts 727Tyler Ratts and Jonathan J. BenedekPolicy 729Brennan K. BergPolitics 732Anthony WeemsPositions 733Jillian McNiff VillemairePositive psychology 734Angela Robles and Rhea OwensPost-qualitative inquiry 735Sean SeilerPremium seating 737K.C. Mayer and Olzhas TaniyevPresentation 738Zesheng YangPricing 740Jennifer Y. MakPrivacy 742Heath HooperPrivate equity investment 742Kristi SweeneyPrivilege 743Hayden Coombs and Khirey WalkerProblem betting 746Arif Yüce and Braden NorrisProduct 748Arif YüceProfessional sport 749Kristi SweeneyProfessional wrestling management 751Bill Kershisnik and Hayden CoombsProgram management 753Jill Sharp and Ashley BowersPromotion and relegation 755Chris HannaPromotion mix 757Eddie T. C. LamPromotions 758Jonathan J. BenedekProperty 760Gregg RichPsychographics 762Beth A. CianfronePsychology 763Angela Robles and Rhea OwensPublic health and sport 765Amy Chan Hyung KimPublic relations 766Brody J. RuihleyPublic service 768Sinhae RohPublic sphere 769Jörg-Uwe Nieland and Daniel NöllekePublic–private partnership 770Tomasz Taraszkiewicz and JuliaZi—łkowskaQualitative research 774Robbie MatzQuantitative research 775Tang TangRacism 778Cara HoldsclawRadio 779Hans C. SchmidtRapid growth sports 781Stavros TriantafyllidisReal estate development 783Judith Grant LongRecreation management 785Martin BarrettRecruiting 786Karlee A. PosteherReferee management 788Jacob K. TingleReferee training and development 791Ian Cunningham & GéraldineRix-LièvreReflexivity 794Michael J. MignanoRefugee 796Mahdi LatififardRelationship marketing 797Rebecca M. Achen and Gashaw AbezaReligion 799Michał MazurkiewiczReputation management 801Damion Sturm and Trish BradburyResearch methods 803Gashaw AbezaRetail 806Luke L. MaoReturn on investment 808Natalie Bunch and Beth A. CianfroneRevenue sharing 810Ryan SpaldingRisk assessment 811Stacey A. HallRisk management 812Michael A. Ross and Heath HooperRisks in sport 814Victor V. TimchenkoRitual 815Michał MazurkiewiczRodeo management 817Jason W. LeeRooney rule 818Jeremy J. Foreman and BaykalM. L. AltinerSafe sport 820Emma Kavanagh and Payam AnsariSafeguarding 821Carole Gomez and Lucie SchochSalary caps 823Hayden Coombs and Braden BagleySales 824Alex Stoikos and Olan KeesMartin ScottSales promotions 825Martin BarrettSanctioning 826Meungguk ParkScale development 827Kevin K. ByonScale validation 829Eddie T. C. LamSchadenfreude 831Troy Carlton and Kyle HolmesScouting 833David ZinnSearch engine 834Rebecca M. AchenSearch firms 835Chris CroftSecond screen 836Arif YüceSecurity 837Karla F. JonesSecurity management 839Janet M. Howes and Tyler RattsSegmentation 841Zack P. Pedersen and Antonio S.WilliamsSelf-categorization theory 842Hongyoung Kim and Luke L. MaoSelf-determination theory 844Hongyoung Kim & Luke L. MaoSelf-presentation 846Bo LiSemiotics 848Jung Woo LeeSenior woman administrator 849Tomika FergusonSense of place 851Jason W. LeeSentiment analysis 853Benqiao (Stella) Jiang and KevinK. ByonSerious leisure 854Richard Keith WrightService 856Hannah Huiyuan Bo and JamesJ. ZhangService-learning 858Christina M. GipsonService quality 859Jennifer Y. MakSexism 861Cara LuciaSexual abuse 862Brian HofmanSexual harassment 863Brian HofmanSexual orientation 865Anna BaethSignage 867Jillian McNiff VillemaireSignificant others and sport 868Hope Grame-ZellerSimulators 869Wonyul BaeSleep and the circadian rhythm 871Sean PradhanSocial capital 872Alex C. Gang and Eunah JoSocial class 874Luca BifulcoSocial cognitive theory 875Keri Larsen and Ashley BowersSocial identity complexity 877Hayden Coombs and Braden BagleySocial identity theory 878Jackson Sears and Beth A. CianfroneSocial justice 880Vincent C. Peña and Patrick CroweSocial learning theory 883Chenelle Kruger Goyen andJepkorir Rose Chepyator-ThomsonSocial media 884Jimmy SandersonSocial media journalism 888Yavuz DemirSocial media sport management 889Kateřina Turkov‡Social network analysis 890Hagen WäscheSocialization 892Lucie SchochSociology 894Elisabeth EricksonSoft power 897Alex C. Gang and Colton T. AmesSoftware and mobile applications 899Troy T. Zhao and James J. ZhangSpecialization 902Ashley RyderSpectacle 903Jörg-Uwe Nieland and Daniel NöllekeSpectator 904Dustin HahnSpectator literacy 905Kyungun (Ryan) Kim andWoo-Young LeeSponsorship 906T. Bettina CornwellSponsorship evaluation 908Norm O’ReillySport development 910Wonock Chung and Farah J. IshaqSport for development 911Wonock Chung and Farah J. IshaqSporting goods 913LaShawn D. NastvogelSports information 914Kyungun (Ryan) Kim &Woo-Young LeeSportscape 916Jason W. LeeSportswashing 918Anneliese Goslin and Darlene A. KlukaStacking 921Steven J. JacksonStadium operations 923Luke MashburnStakeholder 924Giancarlo PanicoStakeholder theory 926Tyler Ratts and Jonathan J. BenedekStatistics 928Dustin HahnStorytelling 929Tim Breitbarth and Sam DuncanStrategic communication 931Mark Dottori and Alex SévignyStrategic management 933Jeremy J. Foreman and BaykalM. L. AltinerStrategic marketing 936Jonathan J. BenedekStrategic sport communication model 938Mark Dottori and Alex SévignyStreaming 939Sarah WymerStress management 941Melissa JamesStructural equation modeling 942Kevin K. ByonStudent-athlete 944Karlee A. PosteherSuperstition 945Arif YüceSupply chain management 947David M. Herold and Tim BreitbarthSupporters club 948Sandra ShawverSurvey research 949Sangchul ParkSustainability 950Stavros TriantafyllidisSustainability marketing 953Muammer .ztürkSustainable certification 955Jamee A. PelcherSustainable stadiums 956Arif YüceSwimming management 959Marisa Sousa and Maria JoséCarvalhoSWOT analysis 961Trish Bradbury and Damion SturmTailgating 963Andy Gillentine and Grace K. DavieTalent acquisition 964Abdulsamad Olajide Yusuf andOladele Isiaka OladipoTalent evaluation 965Abdulsamad Olajide Yusuf andOladele Isiaka OladipoTanking 966Katja Sonkeng and JepkorirRose Chepyator-ThomsonTarget market 968Woo-Young Lee and Kyungun(Ryan) KimTax-free college sports 969Dylan WilliamsTeam identity 971Henry WearTechnology 972Cheri L. BradishTechnology adoption 973Armin MarquezTennis management 975Kelsey SlaterTicket markets 976Olzhas Taniyev and Kurt C. MayerTicketing 978Emily M. NewellTipster 980Arif YüceTitle IX 981Brian HofmanTorts 984Ted CurtisTourism 985Kelsey SlaterTournament format 986Eddie T. C. LamTrack and field management 988Lawrence W. JudgeTrade publications 990Kimberly J. Bodey and ChadWitkemperTrademark 991Chris HannaTragedy 992Brian HofmanTraining 994Johnny CapraTransdisciplinary research 996James DuTransfer portal 998Jimmy SandersonTransgender participation 1000Charles MountifieldTriple bottom line 1001Ioannis Konstantopoulos andArgyro Elisavet ManoliUpper management 1004César García MuñozUpsets 1005Ray G. Schneider and Brian M.CampbellUrbanism 1006Valerio della SalaUses and gratifications 1008Bo Li and Warwick ReiderValuation 1011Ryan BrewerVideo games 1013Kwangho Park and Ju Young LeeViolence 1014Dustin HahnVirtual advertising 1015Arif YüceVirtual collaboration software 1017Hallie MurrayVirtual reality 1019Bradley J. BakerVision 1021Michael BaptisteVolleyball management 1022Frederick L. BattenfieldVolunteer management 1025Randall GriffithsVolunteer motivation 1027Stirling Sharpe and CharlesMountifieldWearable technologies and analytics 1030Lauren BurchWebsites 1031Katja Sonkeng and Ismail AsiimweWomen and sport 1033Darlene A. Kluka & Anneliese GoslinWord of mouth 1037Jinwook (Jason) ChungXReality 1040Andreas Hebbel-Seeger andThomas HorkyYouth sport development 1043Jeffrey R. FarrYouth sport management 1044Troy CarltonYouth sport pedagogy 1049Hope Grame-Zeller and JanetteWatkinsZero sum 1051Joshua DickhausZero tolerance 1052Petros Vourvachis