Edited by Paul M. Pedersen, PhD, Professor of Sport Management, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, US

‘The second edition ensures that the Encyclopedia remains a relevant and up-to-date resource for both current and future readers. To sum up, the Encyclopedia of Sport Management is a highly recommended resource for anyone seeking a comprehensive introduction to the field.’

• ContentsAbleism 1Kaja PotekoAcademic history of sport management 2Alan S. KornspanAccreditation 5Heather AldermanAction Research 9Robbie MatzActivation 10Jonathan J. BenedekActive aging 12Richard Keith WrightActivism 14Elizabeth A. Gregg and AnaRoman DominquezAdaptive sport 15Joshua R. PateAdvertising 17Minkyo LeeAesthetics 19Jhih-yin Diane Lee andWen-hao Winston ChouAgainst modern football 21Marko MustapićAgeism 22Melissa JamesAgency 22Charles Mountifield and StirlingSharpeAgenda setting 24Evan FrederickAgents 26Charles Mountifield and StirlingSharpeAging and sport 28Amy Chan Hyung KimAI bots 29Katja Sonkeng and Ismail AsiimweAlternative sports 31Sehwan Kim and Jepkorir RoseChepyator-ThomsonAmateur sport 32Ary Jose Rocco JuniorAmateur sport athlete development 33Thordis Gisladottir and PatrickA. ReidAmbush marketing 35John GradyAmericans with Disabilities Act 37Joshua R. PateAnalytics 38N. David PiferAnti-doping agencies 41Rekha Janarthanan and Jules WoolfAnti-doping policies 43Jonathan Ruwuya and Jules WoolfAntitrust 45Mark S. NagelApologia 47Kevin A. Stein and Matthew H. BartonApplied research 49Frauke HachtmannArbitration 50Michael FrainaArtificial intelligence 51Alex Sévigny and Mark DottoriArtistic entertainment 54Hannah Huiyuan Bo and JamesJ. ZhangAssociations 56Alan S. KornspanAthleisure 57Kristi Sweeney and Jason W. LeeAthlete branding 59Antonio S. Williams and Zack P.PedersenAthlete development 61Sarah Stokowski and Lisa M. RubinAthlete marketing 62Muammer ÖztürkAthlete representation 63Jörg KriegerAthletic conferences 64David ZinnAthletic director 66Eric ForsythAthletic leadership academies 68Duane AagaardAtmospherics 70Jason W. LeeAttendance 72Payam Ansari and Dominik SchreyerAudience 74Tang TangAutographs 75Ray G. SchneiderAutomated sports journalism 77Jessica Kunert and Sam DuncanBarriers 79Thordis Gisladottir and PatrickA. ReidBaseball management 80Hayden Coombs and Reese McCulleyBasic research 82Frauke HachtmannBasketball management 83Chris CroftBehavior 85Matthew Charles HigginsBehavioral finance 88Arif YüceBenchmarking 89James MooreBetting 90Arif YüceBettor 93Arif YüceBias 94Tomika FergusonBig Data 96Sinhae RohBIRFing 97Sean PradhanBIRGing 98Hayden Coombs and Sean PradhanBlogging 100Dustin HahnBody 102Luca BifulcoBoosters 103Sandra ShawverBowl system 104Annemarie Farrell and RachelMadsenBrand community 106Henry WearBrand identity 108Jason W. LeeBrand marks 109Zack P. Pedersen and AntonioS. WilliamsBrand purpose 111Timothy RobeersBranded entertainment 112Rebecca M. AchenBranding 113Jason W. LeeBroadcasting 117Valerie BonnetBusiness analytics 119Andrea WilkBusiness plan 120Robert CaseBusiness-to-business 121Ashlee MorganBusiness-to-consumer 123Marisa Sousa and Maria JoséCarvalhoCampus recreation 125Cara LuciaCannabis and sport 126Tywan G. Martin and Mike JamesCarbon footprint 128Jamee A. PelcherCartel 130Hayden CoombsCase study 132Gashaw AbezaCause-related marketing 135Keevan StatzCelebrity 136Timothy RobeersCentrality 138Jeremy J. Foreman and BaykalM. L. AltinerCentralization 139Valerio Della SalaCharity sporting events 141Woo-Young Lee and Kyungun(Ryan) KimCircular economy 142Isabelle Dachs and Tim BreitbarthCivic engagement 144Alex C. Gang and Eunah JoClimate action 146Tim Breitbarth and Hanno MartensClimate change 148Arif YüceCloud computing 149Philip F. EstesClub system 151Katja Sonkeng and Ismail AsiimweClustering 153Robert ZulloCognitive miser theory 154Troy Carlton and Kirby D. BoehmCollective bargaining agreement 156Farah J. Ishaq and Wonock ChungCollege athlete labor movement 158Ellen J. StaurowskyCollege recruiting 162Chris Corr and Richard M. SouthallCollegiate sport governance 164Brian HofmanCommercialization 167Tomasz Taraszkiewicz and JuliaZiółkowskaCommissioner 168Ryan VoorisCommissions 170Cheri L. BradishCommunication 171Damion Sturm and Trish BradburyCommunication accommodation 173Hayden Coombs and Braden BagleyCommunication privacy management 174Heath Hooper and Michael A. RossCommunity interventions 176LaShawn D. NastvogelCommunity relations 177Brody J. RuihleyCommunity sport management 178Troy CarltonCompetencies 182Trish Bradbury and Damion SturmCompetitive balance 183Bradley J. BakerCompetitive cheerleading management 185Carolynn P. HobbsCompliance 186Thordis Gisladottir and PatrickA. ReidComputer programming language 188Jerred Junqi WangConcessions 189Mark A. SlavichConference office management 191Tyler A. Williams and Beth A.CianfroneConference realignment 194Rachel Madsen and AnnemarieFarrellConferences 196Stirling SharpeConsolidation 197Lauren C. AndersonConspicuous consumption 199Yong Wang and Luke L. MaoConstruct 201Luke L. MaoConsumer behavior 203Kevin K. ByonContent analysis 205Laura M. HatfieldContent marketing 207Rebecca M. AchenContracts 208Ted CurtisConvergence 209Sinhae RohCopyright 211Ashlee MorganCORFing 212Sean Pradhan and Hayden CoombsCorporate communication 213Karen L. HartmanCorporate social responsibility 215Ju Young LeeCorruption 218Eddie T. C. LamCORSing 221Sean PradhanCreativity 222Kasey SymonsCricket management 223Martin BarrettCrisis communication 224Frauke HachtmannCrisis management 226Damion Sturm and Trish BradburyCritical race theory 228Jonathan E. HoweCritical theory 230Shannon Jolly and JepkorirRose Chepyator-ThomsonCrowd management 231Wooyoung (William) JangCultural awareness 233Jaime OrejanCultural capital 235Alex C. Gang and Jonathan TerrazasCulture 236Peyton Jo StenslandCurriculum 237Chad WitkemperCurriculum mapping 239Robert CaseCustomer experience 240Luke L. Mao and Sophia D. MinCustomer lifetime value 242Sandra ShawverCustomer relationship management 243Liam MurrayCustomer relationship marketing 244Jennifer Y. MakCustomer services 246Kevin P. CattaniData 249Wanyong ChoiData collection 250Sangchul ParkData management 252Sachin NarayananData science 254Jerred Junqi WangDecentralization 255Valerio Della SalaDecision-making 256Jessica R. Braunstein-MinkoveDecolonizing sport 258Brandon C. Joseph and AlisseAli-JosephDeglobalization 260Jung Woo LeeDemographics 261Eddie T. C. LamDescriptive research 263Jeffrey P. BriggsDesign thinking 264Greg JoachimDeviance 266Melissa JamesDiffusion of innovations 266Jung Woo LeeDigital twin 268Ekaterina GlebovaDigitization 270Michael Anagnostou andAndreas OikonomouDiplomacy 271Brennan K. BergDisability in sport 274Joshua R. PateDisc golf management 276Kirby D. BoehmDiscrimination 278Nicolas DelormeDistant fans 279Haozhou PuDiversification 281Sascha L. Schmidt andJohannes FühnerDiversity 283Cara HoldsclawDocumentaries and films 284Devin Anderson and DemetriusPearsonDoping 286Byron O. Juma and Jules WoolfDraft 289Sean Seiler and Jepkorir RoseChepyator-ThomsonDrug testing 290Jörg Krieger and April HenningEcology 292Madeleine OrrEconomic damages 293Ryan BrewerEconomic impact 295Ryan BrewerEconomics 297Ary Jose Rocco JuniorElectronic gaming 298David P. HedlundEmotional intelligence 300Kevin P. CattaniEmployability 301Kimberly J. Bodey and ChadWitkemperEmployment 303Rennae Williams StoweEndorsement 304Jessica R. Braunstein-MinkoveEntrepreneurship 306Robert CaseEntry level 307Joel CormierEquipment 309Wonyul BaeEquity 310Patrick Crowe and Vincent C. PeñaEscalator concept 313James MooreEsports 313David P. HedlundEsports betting 316Wooyoung (William) Jang &Kevin K. ByonEsports marketing 319Muammer ÖztürkEsports venues 320Hüseyin Çevik & James J. ZhangEthics 321Michael A. Ross and Heath HooperEthics and mediatization 323Tracie EdmondsonEthnography 325Hayden Coombs and Ondřej HubkaEvent experience 327Mark A. SlavichEvent impacts 329Luke Potwarka and Adam PappasEvent management 331Luke MashburnEvent marketing 336Luiza Ossowska and DorotaJaniszewskaEvent negotiations 337Lance C. HatfieldExecutive positions 339Petros Vourvachis and MichaelAnagnostouExercising sovereignty 342Alisse Ali-Joseph and NatalieM. WelchExperience quality 344Hüseyin Çevik and James J. ZhangExperiential learning 345Juha Yoon and Cassandra CobleExperimental research 346Sean PradhanExplanatory research 348Arif YüceExploratory research 349John HieExtreme sports 351Rocco P. PorrecaEye tracking 353Arif YüceFacility management 355Luke MashburnFair play 358Ashley RyderFaith and sport 360Hope Grame-Zeller and JanetteWatkinsFamily and sport 361Hope Grame-ZellerFan activism 363Alex C. Gang and Juho ParkFan avidity 365Cheri L. BradishFan identification 365Ilan TamirFanship 367Dustin HahnFantasy sports 369Braden NorrisFashion 371Wonyul BaeFestival and event impact 372Grzegorz Kwiatkowski and EwaMalchrowicz-MośkoFiction 373Kasey SymonsFinance 374Dylan WilliamsFitness management 380Tyler Ratts and Anne L. DeMartiniFlutie effect 381Farah J. IshaqFocus groups 382Myia L. Graves and Ashley BowersFOMO 384Braden Bagley and Hayden CoombsFootball management 385Caleb KavanaughFor-profit sport 388John Hie and Argyro Elisavet ManoliForeign players 390Thordis Gisladottir and PatrickA. ReidFraming 391Evan FrederickFranchise 393Qingru XuFree agency 395Ted CurtisFútbol management 396Alex J. Ko & Minkyo LeeGambling prevention 398Braden Norris & Arif YüceGame theory 399Bradley J. BakerGamespersonship 400Ashley RyderGatekeeping 402Yavuz DemirGender 403Lucie SchochGender bias 404Esther Akinniyi and Alex C. GangGender equality 406Lucie SchochGender imprinting 407Thordis Gisladottir and PatrickA. ReidGender quotas 408Lucie SchochGender-based violence 410Shannon JollyGendered racism 411Tomika Ferguson and KrystalE. AndrewsGenerative AI 412Philip F. EstesGeography 414Gidon JakarGlobal south 415Wonock ChungGlobalization 416Patrick Crowe and Vincent C. PeñaGlocalization 418John HarrisGoal setting 419Jonathan J. Benedek and Tyler RattsGolf management 421Tim Breitbarth and Geoff DicksonGolf spectatorship 423Yasuhiro WatanabeGovernance 424Eddie T. C. LamGrassroots 427Stirling Sharpe and CharlesMountifieldGreen buildings 429Jamee A. PelcherGreenwashing 430Ekaterina GlebovaGrounded theory 432Frauke HachtmannGroupthink 434Sabrina Reed and Hailey DaehnkeGrowth hacking 435Jan BoehmerGuest service 437Lance C. HatfieldGymnastics management 439Carolynn P. HobbsHall of fame 441Wen-hao Winston ChouHallmark sports events 443Richard Keith WrightHarassment 445Yavuz DemirHazing 446Tyler Ratts and Brian CrowHealth communication 448Braden Bagley and Hayden CoombsHegemony 449Luca BifulcoHidden disability 451Winston KennedyHigh impact practices 453Jessica R. Braunstein-MinkoveHistorically black colleges anduniversities 454Lawrence Julius Hanks IIHistory of sport management 456Alan S. KornspanHockey management 459Joel CormierHospitality 461Luiza Ossowska and DorotaJaniszewskaHuman-centered design 463David Pierce and Erica ShonkwilerHuman resource management 464Stirling Sharpe and CharlesMountifieldHuman rights 466Alex C. Gang and Colton T. AmesIdentity threat and coping 469Yong Wang and Luke L. MaoIdioms 470Michał MazurkiewiczImage 472Mark Dottori and Alex SévignyImmersive experience 473Arif Yüce and Volkan AydoğduImmersive video 475Andreas Hebbel-Seeger andThomas HorkyImmigration 477Mahdi LatififardInclusivity 478Cara HoldsclawIndigenous sport 480Natalie M. Welch and AlisseAli-JosephIndustry 482Julia Ziółkowska and TomaszTaraszkiewiczInfluencer marketing 484Jessica R. Braunstein-MinkoveInformatics 486Hallie MurrayInformation and communicationtechnology 487Hansol Hwang and Hyejoo YangInformation management 489Heather KennedyInfrastructure 490Julia Ziółkowska and TomaszTaraszkiewiczInnovation 492Natalie L. SmithInstitutional logic 493Crystal Southall and Richard M.SouthallInstitutional theory 495Crystal Southall and Richard M.SouthallInstitutional work 496Chris Corr and Richard M. SouthallIntegrated marketing communication 497Jan BoehmerIntellectual property 499Katie M. Brown and Zack P. PedersenIntercollegiate athletics 501Kathryn SheaInterdisciplinary 504Heather KennedyInternational news coverage 505Simon LičenInternational sport management 506Minseok Cho and Wonyul BaeInternational student-athletes 508Hayden Coombs and Skyler CoombsInternational volunteerism 510Randall GriffithsInternships 511Jonathan J. BenedekInterpersonal skills 513Hamid Ghasemi and Braden NorrisInterscholastic athletics 515Scott GrantIntersectionality 517Kasey SymonsInterviewing 519Yair GalilyJob satisfaction 521Lance C. HatfieldJock tax 522Dylan WilliamsJournalism 523Daniel Nölleke and Jörg-Uwe NielandJournals 525Kihan KimKayfabe 528Bill Kershisnik and Hayden CoombsKey performance indicators 530Martin BarrettKnowledge 531Gregg RichLabor management 533Jeremy J. Foreman and BaykalM. L. AltinerLabor markets 534Jeremy J. Foreman and BaykalM. L. AltinerLanguage competence 536Jaime OrejanLaw 538Mark Dodds and Barbara OsborneLeader-member exchange theory 541Gregory A. CranmerLeadership 542Ana Roman Dominguez andElizabeth A. GreggLeagues 544James MooreLearning 545Johnny CapraLegacy 547Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko andGrzegorz KwiatkowskiLegitimacy 548Mark Dottori and Alex SévignyLeisure behavior 550Wonock Chung and Farah J. IshaqLGBTQ 552Melissa JamesLicensing 553Jonathan J. BenedekLifelong sport 554Yasuhiro Watanabe and JamesJ. ZhangLifestyle brand 555Jason W. LeeLifestyle sports 557Marika Cappetta and Luca BifulcoLiterature 559Kasey SymonsLoad management 560Katja Sonkeng and JepkorirRose Chepyator-ThomsonLogistics 562Tim Breitbarth and David M. HeroldLogos 564Zack P. PedersenLoyalty 565Bradley J. BakerLuxury boxes and suites 567Craig Morehead and Chad WitkemperLuxury tax 568Duane AagaardMachine learning 571Lee Allison and James RobertBlair IIIManagement 572Jason L. PerryManagement by objectives 574Dean A. BrandManagement information systems 575Jan BoehmerMarket research 577Jan BoehmerMarket value 579Jillian McNiff Villemaire andBlen SolomonMarketing 580Sanghak LeeMarketing mix 583Zack P. Pedersen and AntonioS. WilliamsMartial arts management 584John R. MalmoMascots 587Michał MazurkiewiczMatch manipulation 588Argyro Elisavet ManoliMatch officials 590Stirling SharpeMedia 592Matthew ZimmermanMedia company 594Alessandro Formisano andGiancarlo PanicoMedia relations 595Argyro Elisavet ManoliMedia rights 597Ryan VoorisMedia stress 598Elsa KristiansenMedia technology 599Sanghyeon Kim and Adam KargMediated sports consumption 601Luke L. Mao and Min Jung KimMediation 603Sangchul Park and Sanghoon KimMediatization 604Tracie EdmondsonMega sporting events 606Juha YoonMemorabilia 608Ray G. SchneiderMental health 609Heath Hooper and Michael A. RossMentoring 612Hailey Daehnke and Sabrina ReedMerchandise and apparel 613Yoon Heo and Sung Wook SonMetaverse 615Sam S. Chen and James J. ZhangMicro-betting 617Braden NorrisMiddle management 618Stephanie M. VlachMigration 619B. Nalani ButlerMinistry and sport 621Hope Grame-Zeller and JanetteWatkinsMixed methods 623Gashaw AbezaMobile commerce 625Liang XiaoModerated mediation 627Sangchul Park and Sanghoon KimModeration 628Sangchul Park and Sanghoon KimMotivation 630Tyler A. Williams and Beth A.CianfroneMotorsport management 632Clay E. HarshawMovement for life 637LaShawn D. NastvogelMulti-club ownership 638Julian Hadwiger and Sascha L.SchmidtName, image, and likeness 641Dominique C. KroppNaming rights 643Wen-hao Winston ChouNationalism 645Anthony J. WeemsNegligence 647Thomas J. OrrNeoliberalism 648Jung Woo LeeNetnography 649Yiran SuNetworking 651Brian PrueggerNetworks 653Kevin HullNiche sports 655Kateřina TurkováNIL collectives 656Kelly J. Brummett and AntonioS. WilliamsNIL in interscholastic athletics 657Scott GrantNo-shows 659Dominik SchreyerNon-fungible tokens 661Bradley J. BakerNonprofit sport 663Kelsey SlaterNostalgia 665Mark A. SlavichObservation 667Mark D. OrlandoOnline communication networks 669Juha YoonOnline sports betting 670Hyunseok Song and Kevin K. ByonOnline survey panel services 672Kevin K. Byon and Junwoo ChoiOptimization 673Heather KennedyOrganization theory 674Ary Jose Rocco JuniorOrganizational behavior 676Cassandra CobleOrganizational justice 679Claudia Benavides-Espinozaand Amanda Wheeler GryffinOrganizational networks 682Hagen WäscheOrganizational policy 684Vandy Pacetti-DonelsonOrganizational socialization 685Gregory A. CranmerOrganizational structure 687Zachary EvansOutsourcing 688Ashley BowersOwned media 689Daniel Nölleke and Jörg-Uwe NielandOwnership 690Hayden Coombs and Braden BagleyPandemic 693Jörg-Uwe Nieland and Daniel NöllekePara sports management 694Veronika MackováParalipsis 696Hayden Coombs and MatthewH. BartonParasocial 698Bradley J. BakerParenting and sport 700Hope Grame-ZellerPartial least squares sem 702Kevin K. Byon & Wooyoung(William) JangParticipative pricing 704James Robert Blair III and LeeAllisonParticipatory sport events 707Troy T. Zhao and James J. ZhangPedagogy 708Chad WitkemperPeer mentoring 710Ammon Harris and Hayden CoombsPeer review 711Hayden Coombs and Braden BagleyPerformance analytics 713Andrea WilkPerformance appraisal 714Tyler RattsPerformance management 716Kimberly J. Bodey and ChadWitkemperPerforming sport politics 717Trygve B. BrochPersonal branding 719Christie M. KleinmannPersonnel management 720Taylor M. HansonPhenomenology 722Robbie MatzPhilanthropy 723Elisabeth A. EricksonPhilosophy 725Rocco P. PorrecaPhygital marketing 727Volkan Aydoğdu & Arif YücePickleball management 728Jason W. LeePodcasts 729Tyler Ratts and Jonathan J. BenedekPolicy 731Brennan K. BergPolitics 734Anthony WeemsPositions 735Jillian McNiff VillemairePositive psychology 736Angela Robles and Rhea L. OwensPost-qualitative inquiry 737Sean SeilerPremium seating 739Kurt C. Mayer and Olzhas TaniyevPresentation 740Zesheng YangPricing 742Jennifer Y. MakPrivacy 744Heath HooperPrivate equity investment 744Kristi SweeneyPrivilege 745Hayden Coombs and Khirey WalkerProblem betting 748Arif Yüce and Braden NorrisProduct 750Arif YüceProfessional sport 751Kristi SweeneyProfessional wrestling management 753Bill Kershisnik and Hayden CoombsProgram management 755Jill Sharp and Ashley BowersPromotion and relegation 757Chris HannaPromotion mix 759Eddie T. C. LamPromotions 760Jonathan J. BenedekProperty 762Gregg RichPsychographics 764Beth A. CianfronePsychology 765Angela Robles and Rhea L. OwensPublic health and sport 767Amy Chan Hyung KimPublic relations 768Brody J. RuihleyPublic service 770Sinhae RohPublic sphere 771Jörg-Uwe Nieland and Daniel NöllekePublic–private partnership 772Tomasz Taraszkiewicz and JuliaZiółkowskaQualitative research 776Robbie MatzQuantitative research 777Tang TangRacism 780Cara HoldsclawRadio 781Hans C. SchmidtRapid growth sports 783Stavros TriantafyllidisReal estate development 785Judith Grant LongRecreation management 787Martin BarrettRecruiting 788Karlee A. PosteherReferee management 790Jacob K. TingleReferee training and development 793Ian Cunningham & GéraldineRix-LièvreReflexivity 796Michael J. MignanoRefugee 798Mahdi LatififardRelationship marketing 799Rebecca M. Achen and Gashaw AbezaReligion 801Michał MazurkiewiczReputation management 803Damion Sturm and Trish BradburyResearch methods 805Gashaw AbezaRetail 808Luke L. MaoReturn on investment 810Natalie Bunch and Beth A. CianfroneRevenue sharing 812Ryan SpaldingRisk assessment 813Stacey A. HallRisk management 814Michael A. Ross and Heath HooperRisks in sport 816Victor V. TimchenkoRitual 817Michał MazurkiewiczRodeo management 819Jason W. LeeRooney rule 820Jeremy J. Foreman and BaykalM. L. AltinerSafe sport 822Emma Kavanagh and Payam AnsariSafeguarding 823Carole Gomez and Lucie SchochSalary caps 825Hayden Coombs and Braden BagleySales 826Alex Stoikos and Olan KeesMartin ScottSales promotions 827Martin BarrettSanctioning 828Meungguk ParkScale development 829Kevin K. ByonScale validation 831Eddie T. C. LamSchadenfreude 833Troy Carlton and Kyle HolmesScouting 835David ZinnSearch engine 836Rebecca M. AchenSearch firms 837Chris CroftSecond screen 838Arif YüceSecurity 839Karla F. JonesSecurity management 841Janet M. Howes and Tyler RattsSegmentation 843Zack P. Pedersen and AntonioS. WilliamsSelf-categorization theory 844Hongyoung Kim and Luke L. MaoSelf-determination theory 846Hongyoung Kim & Luke L. MaoSelf-presentation 848Bo LiSemiotics 850Jung Woo LeeSenior woman administrator 851Tomika FergusonSense of place 853Jason W. LeeSentiment analysis 855Benqiao (Stella) Jiang andKevin K. ByonSerious leisure 856Richard Keith WrightService 858Hannah Huiyuan Bo and JamesJ. ZhangService–learning 860Christina M. GipsonService quality 861Jennifer Y. MakSexism 863Cara LuciaSexual abuse 863Brian HofmanSexual harassment 865Brian HofmanSexual orientation 867Anna BaethSignage 869Jillian McNiff VillemaireSignificant others and sport 870Hope Grame-ZellerSimulators 871Wonyul BaeSleep and the circadian rhythm 873Sean PradhanSocial capital 874Alex C. Gang and Eunah JoSocial class 876Luca BifulcoSocial cognitive theory 877Keri Larsen and Ashley BowersSocial identity complexity 879Hayden Coombs and Braden BagleySocial identity theory 880Jackson Sears and Beth A. CianfroneSocial justice 882Vincent C. Peña and Patrick CroweSocial learning theory 885Chenelle Kruger Goyen andJepkorir Rose Chepyator-ThomsonSocial media 886Jimmy SandersonSocial media journalism 890Yavuz DemirSocial media sport management 891Kateřina TurkováSocial network analysis 892Hagen WäscheSocialization 894Lucie SchochSociology 896Elisabeth A. EricksonSoft power 899Alex C. Gang and Colton T. AmesSoftware and mobile applications 901Troy T. Zhao and James J. ZhangSpecialization 904Ashley RyderSpectacle 905Jörg-Uwe Nieland and Daniel NöllekeSpectator 906Dustin HahnSpectator literacy 907Kyungun (Ryan) Kim andWoo-Young LeeSponsorship 908T. Bettina CornwellSponsorship evaluation 910Norm O’ReillySport development 911Wonock Chung and Farah J. IshaqSport for development 913Wonock Chung and Farah J. IshaqSporting goods 915LaShawn D. NastvogelSports information 916Kyungun (Ryan) Kim &Woo-Young LeeSportscape 918Jason W. LeeSportswashing 920Anneliese Goslin and DarleneA. KlukaStacking 923Steven J. JacksonStadium operations 925Luke MashburnStakeholder 926Giancarlo PanicoStakeholder theory 928Tyler Ratts and Jonathan J. BenedekStatistics 930Dustin HahnStorytelling 931Tim Breitbarth and Sam DuncanStrategic communication 933Mark Dottori and Alex SévignyStrategic management 935Jeremy J. Foreman and BaykalM. L. AltinerStrategic marketing 938Jonathan J. BenedekStrategic sport communication model 940Mark Dottori and Alex SévignyStreaming 941Sarah WymerStress management 943Melissa JamesStructural equation modeling 944Kevin K. ByonStudent-athlete 946Karlee A. PosteherSuperstition 947Arif YüceSupply chain management 948David M. Herold and Tim BreitbarthSupporters club 950Sandra ShawverSurvey research 951Sangchul ParkSustainability 952Stavros TriantafyllidisSustainability marketing 955Muammer ÖztürkSustainable certification 956Jamee A. PelcherSustainable stadiums 958Arif YüceSwimming management 961Marisa Sousa and Maria JoséCarvalhoSWOT analysis 962Trish Bradbury and Damion SturmTailgating 965Andy Gillentine and GraceKazmierski-DavieTalent acquisition 966Abdulsamad Olajide Yusuf andOladele Isiaka OladipoTalent evaluation 967Abdulsamad Olajide Yusuf andOladele Isiaka OladipoTanking 968Katja Sonkeng and JepkorirRose Chepyator-ThomsonTarget market 970Woo-Young Lee and Kyungun(Ryan) KimTax-free college sports 971Dylan WilliamsTeam identity 973Henry WearTechnology 974Cheri L. BradishTechnology adoption 976Armin MarquezTennis management 977Kelsey SlaterTicket markets 978Olzhas Taniyev and Kurt C. MayerTicketing 980Emily M. NewellTipster 982Arif YüceTitle IX 983Brian HofmanTorts 986Ted CurtisTourism 987Kelsey SlaterTournament format 988Eddie T. C. LamTrack and field management 990Lawrence W. JudgeTrade publications 992Kimberly J. Bodey and ChadWitkemperTrademark 993Chris HannaTragedy 995Brian HofmanTraining 996Johnny CapraTransdisciplinary research 998James DuTransfer portal 1000Jimmy SandersonTransgender participation 1002Charles MountifieldTriple bottom line 1003Ioannis Konstantopoulos andArgyro Elisavet ManoliUpper management 1006César García MuñozUpsets 1007Ray G. Schneider and Brian M.CampbellUrbanism 1008Valerio della SalaUses and gratifications 1010Bo Li and Warwick ReiderValuation 1013Ryan BrewerVideo games 1015Kwangho Park and Ju Young LeeViolence 1016Dustin HahnVirtual advertising 1017Arif YüceVirtual collaboration software 1019Hallie MurrayVirtual reality 1021Bradley J. BakerVision 1023Michael BaptisteVolleyball management 1024Frederick L. BattenfieldVolunteer management 1027Randall GriffithsVolunteer motivation 1029Stirling Sharpe and CharlesMountifieldWearable technologies and analytics 1032Lauren BurchWebsites 1033Katja Sonkeng and Ismail AsiimweWomen and sport 1035Darlene A. Kluka & Anneliese GoslinWord of mouth 1039Jinwook (Jason) ChungXReality 1042Andreas Hebbel-Seeger andThomas HorkyYouth sport development 1045Jeffrey R. FarrYouth sport management 1046Troy CarltonYouth sport pedagogy 1051Hope Grame-Zeller and JanetteWatkinsZero sum 1053Joshua DickhausZero tolerance 1054Petros Vourvachis