Edited by Frédéric Darbellay, Head of the Inter- and Transdisciplinarity Unit, Centre for Children’s Rights Studies, University of Geneva, Switzerland

‘We live in an era when diverse forms of scholarship are being undertaken all over the world, and new computational systems surprise us with their human-like competence. The numerous distinctive contributions to this book provide a timely opportunity to take stock on where scholarship is today and how it may evolve in the period ahead.’

• ContentsList of contributors xPreface xiv1 Academic identities 1Liudvika Leišytė and Anna-Lena Rose2 Action research 5Hilary Bradbury3 Administration 9Rick Szostak4 Against interdisciplinarity 13Valerie V. Peterson5 Agroecological transitions 18Johanna Jacobi and NavyaMiriam Itty6 Analogy 24Christian D. Schunn7 Brainstorming 28Gerard Puccio, Jacob LeeRavnborg and Samantha Monaghan8 Career 32Nathalie Dupin and Catherine Lyall9 Change 36Gabriele Bammer10 Children as co-researchers 41Zoe Moody11 Citizen science 46Silke Voigt-Heucke, MukiHaklay and Susanne Hecker12 Co-creation 50Katrin Prager and Graeme Nicholas13 Co-designing forinterdisciplinarity 54Lina Markauskaite, CaraWrigley and Genevieve Mosely14 Co-production:a functional-dynamic approach 60Michael Stauffacher15 Collaboration readiness 65Gaetano Romano Lotrecchiano16 Collaborative problem solving 70Stephen M. Fiore and Kara L. Hall17 Communication 75Jessica L. Thompson18 Competence 80Colleen Teresa Knechtel19 Complex adaptive systems 86Rika Preiser20 Complexity 91Johannes Strikwerda21 Convergence research 97Mihail C. Roco22 Convergent thinking 104Mark A. Runco23 Creative problem solving 108Samira Bourgeois-Bougrine24 Creative process 112David Laille, Raphaël Julliardand Marion Botella25 Creativity 116Todd Lubart26 Critical interdisciplinarity 120Michelle Phillips Buchberger27 Critical thinking 124Stéphan Vincent-Lancrin28 Crossdisciplinarity 129Michael O’Rourke, JulieMennes and Marisa A. Rinkus29 Crowdsourcing research 135Dietmar Wechsler30 Cultural studies ofcollaborative science andtechnology 139Bianca Vienni-Baptista31 Curiosity-driven research 144Ortwin Renn32 Decolonizing transdisciplinarity 148Danilo R. Streck and CarolinaSchenatto da Rosa33 Deep interdisciplinarityand transdisciplinaryknowledge co-production 152John Robinson34 Democratic backsliding 157Rick Szostak35 Design activities 160Nathalie Bonnardel36 Design innovation 165Cara Wrigley and Judy Matthews37 Design thinking 170Nigel Cross38 Dialogue of knowledge 174Valentín Val, Lia PinheiroBarbosa and Oscar Soto39 Dialogue 178Michael O’Rourke and ChetMcLeskey40 Discipline 182Björn Hammarfelt41 Divergent thinking 186Mark A. Runco42 Diversity 190Machiel Keestra43 Ecological consciousness 196Rhonda D. Davis44 Embedded researchers 201Anna Taylor45 Epistemic fluency 205Lina Markauskaite, PeterGoodyear and Natalie Spence46 Epistemic identity 210Lisa M. Osbeck and Nancy J.Nersessian47 Failure 214Michael O’Rourke, Dena Famand Edgar Cardenas48 Field philosophy 218Evelyn Brister49 Future of design 222Gjoko Muratovski50 Futures thinking literacy 226Hava E. Vidergor51 Gender andinterdisciplinary research 231Isabel Fletcher and Catherine Lyall52 Giftedness 235Sarah A. Caroleo and JonathanA. Plucker53 Global environmental change 240Gabriela Litre and Marcel Bursztyn54 Human ecology 245Roderick J. Lawrence55 Imagination 250Tania Zittoun and OliverClifford Pedersen56 Inclusive systemic thinking 254Ellen D. Lewis, Anne Stephensand Sumita Chatterjee57 Information 259Johannes Strikwerda58 Innovation 264Mary Pei and Jonathan A. Plucker59 Institutionalising 268Bianca Vienni-Baptista60 Integration experts and expertise 273Sabine Hoffmann, Lisa Deutschand Michael O’Rourke61 Integration 277Alexandra Lux, Oskar Margand Flurina Schneider62 Intelligence 281Robert J. Sternberg63 Inter- and transdisciplinarylearning 284Renate G. Klaassen64 Interdisciplinarians 290Tanya Augsburg65 Interdisciplinary doctoraleducation 296Rafi Rashid66 Interdisciplinarity 301Rick Szostak67 Interdisciplinary curricula 305Karri A. Holley68 Interdisciplinary studies 309Michelle Phillips Buchberger69 Knowledge organization 314Rick Szostak70 Liberating structures 318Keith McCandless, ArvindSinghal and Steven H. Cady71 Liminality 323Paul Stenner72 Marginality 328Mark A. Runco73 Metacognition 332Machiel Keestra74 Mode of knowledge production 338Helga Nowotny and Peter Scott75 Multidisciplinarity 343Rick Szostak76 Multivocality 346Kristine Lund77 Nicolescuian approach totransdisciplinarity 352Sue L. T. McGregor78 One health 357Jakob Zinsstag79 Open sciencedevelopments in Africa 362Heide Hackmann and Hester duPlessis80 Participatory ActionResearch (Latin Americantradition) 366Juliana Merçon81 Participatory research methods 370Lisa M. Vaughn82 Pluralism 374Romain Sauzet83 Polymathy 378Mark A. Runco and Ahmed M.Abdulla84 Possible 381Vlad Glaveanu85 Post-normal science 385Zora Kovacic and Silvio Funtowicz86 Postdisciplinarity 390Tomas Pernecky87 Power 394Ross T. Shackleton, Livia Fritzand Christian A. Kull88 Practical wisdomfor transdisciplinarysustainability science 399Guido Caniglia89 Precautionary principle 404Sven Ove Hansson90 Problem finding 408Mark A. Runco and Lindsay Ellis Lee91 Process design 412Rico Defila and Antonietta Di Giulio92 Public space 417Vikas Mehta93 Real-world labs and living labs 421Oliver Parodi and Andreas Seebacher94 Relative entropy 426Yair Neuman95 Research use 430Annette Boaz96 Resilience 433Ross T. Shackleton, WillemMalherbe and Reinette (Oonsie) Biggs97 Responsivity 438Ulli Vilsmaier98 Risk 442Sven Ove Hansson99 Scaffolding 446Roderick J. Lawrence100 Scenario 450Michael Stauffacher101 Science of team science (SciTS) 455Kara L. Hall and Stephen M. Fiore102 Science-policy interface 461Lukas P. Fesenfeld, Janet G.Hering and Karin Ingold103 Serendipity 467Samantha Copeland and Wendy Ross104 Shared understanding 471Faye Q. Miller105 Social ecology 477Daniel Stokols106 Social-ecological systems (SES) 483Ross T. Shackleton107 Stakeholder engagement 487Gabriele Bammer108 Sustainability 492Antonietta Di Giulio109 Sustainable cities 497Kerstin Hemström, Merritt Polkand Warren Smit110 Sustainable knowledge 501Robert Frodeman111 Synthesizing 505Sabine Hoffmann112 Theory of Change 509Heléne Clark113 Theory-practice transfer model 514Maik Arnold114 Third place 520Vikas Mehta115 Thought styles 524Nicola Mößner116 Threshold concepts 529Gloria Kirwan117 Toolkits 533ITD Alliance Working Group onToolkits and Methods118 Training the next generation 538Nathalie Dupin119 Transdisciplinarians 542Tanya Augsburg120 Transdisciplinarity 548Roderick J. Lawrence121 Transdisciplinary research process 553Alexandra Lux, MichaelKreß-Ludwig and Flurina Schneider122 Transformation 558Ulli Vilsmaier and Katie Ross123 Transformative change 563Karri A. Holley124 Transformative ocean governance 567Jeremy M. Hills and Payal N.Maharaj125 Transformative spaces 571Laura Pereira126 Transformative learning 576Jörg Balsiger127 Transformative research 580Antonietta Di Giulio and Rico Defila128 Transhumanism 585Jennifer M. Gidley129 Transversal skills 590Ciarán Dunne130 Transversity 594Sue L. T. McGregor131 Travelling concepts 599Tessa Diphoorn, Susanne Knitteland Brianne McGonigle Leyh132 Types of knowledge 603Christian Pohl133 Unknowns 607Gabriele Bammer134 Wicked problems 612Craig A. Ashhurst and ValerieA. Brown135 World history 617Rick Szostak

Edited by Frédéric Darbellay, Head of the Inter- and Transdisciplinarity Unit, Centre for Children’s Rights Studies, University of Geneva, Switzerland

‘We live in an era when diverse forms of scholarship are being undertaken all over the world, and new computational systems surprise us with their human-like competence. The numerous distinctive contributions to this book provide a timely opportunity to take stock on where scholarship is today and how it may evolve in the period ahead.’

• ContentsList of contributors xPreface xiv1 Academic identities 1Liudvika Leišytė and Anna-Lena Rose2 Action research 5Hilary Bradbury3 Administration 9Rick Szostak4 Against interdisciplinarity 13Valerie V. Peterson5 Agroecological transitions 18Johanna Jacobi and NavyaMiriam Itty6 Analogy 24Christian D. Schunn7 Brainstorming 28Gerard Puccio, Jacob LeeRavnborg and Samantha Monaghan8 Career 32Nathalie Dupin and Catherine Lyall9 Change 36Gabriele Bammer10 Children as co-researchers 41Zoe Moody11 Citizen science 46Silke Voigt-Heucke, MukiHaklay and Susanne Hecker12 Co-creation 50Katrin Prager and Graeme Nicholas13 Co-designing forinterdisciplinarity 54Lina Markauskaite, CaraWrigley and Genevieve Mosely14 Co-production:a functional-dynamic approach 60Michael Stauffacher15 Collaboration readiness 65Gaetano Romano Lotrecchiano16 Collaborative problem solving 70Stephen M. Fiore and Kara L. Hall17 Communication 75Jessica L. Thompson18 Competence 80Colleen Teresa Knechtel19 Complex adaptive systems 86Rika Preiser20 Complexity 91Johannes Strikwerda21 Convergence research 97Mihail C. Roco22 Convergent thinking 104Mark A. Runco23 Creative problem solving 108Samira Bourgeois-Bougrine24 Creative process 112David Laille, Raphaël Julliardand Marion Botella25 Creativity 116Todd Lubart26 Critical interdisciplinarity 120Michelle Phillips Buchberger27 Critical thinking 124Stéphan Vincent-Lancrin28 Crossdisciplinarity 129Michael O’Rourke, JulieMennes and Marisa A. Rinkus29 Crowdsourcing research 135Dietmar Wechsler30 Cultural studies ofcollaborative science andtechnology 139Bianca Vienni-Baptista31 Curiosity-driven research 144Ortwin Renn32 Decolonizing transdisciplinarity 148Danilo R. Streck and CarolinaSchenatto da Rosa33 Deep interdisciplinarityand transdisciplinaryknowledge co-production 152John Robinson34 Democratic backsliding 157Rick Szostak35 Design activities 160Nathalie Bonnardel36 Design innovation 165Cara Wrigley and Judy Matthews37 Design thinking 170Nigel Cross38 Dialogue of knowledge 174Valentín Val, Lia PinheiroBarbosa and Oscar Soto39 Dialogue 178Michael O’Rourke and ChetMcLeskey40 Discipline 182Björn Hammarfelt41 Divergent thinking 186Mark A. Runco42 Diversity 190Machiel Keestra43 Ecological consciousness 196Rhonda D. Davis44 Embedded researchers 201Anna Taylor45 Epistemic fluency 205Lina Markauskaite, PeterGoodyear and Natalie Spence46 Epistemic identity 210Lisa M. Osbeck and Nancy J.Nersessian47 Failure 214Michael O’Rourke, Dena Famand Edgar Cardenas48 Field philosophy 218Evelyn Brister49 Future of design 222Gjoko Muratovski50 Futures thinking literacy 226Hava E. Vidergor51 Gender andinterdisciplinary research 231Isabel Fletcher and Catherine Lyall52 Giftedness 235Sarah A. Caroleo and JonathanA. Plucker53 Global environmental change 240Gabriela Litre and Marcel Bursztyn54 Human ecology 245Roderick J. Lawrence55 Imagination 250Tania Zittoun and OliverClifford Pedersen56 Inclusive systemic thinking 254Ellen D. Lewis, Anne Stephensand Sumita Chatterjee57 Information 259Johannes Strikwerda58 Innovation 264Mary Pei and Jonathan A. Plucker59 Institutionalising 268Bianca Vienni-Baptista60 Integration experts and expertise 273Sabine Hoffmann, Lisa Deutschand Michael O’Rourke61 Integration 277Alexandra Lux, Oskar Margand Flurina Schneider62 Intelligence 281Robert J. Sternberg63 Inter- and transdisciplinarylearning 284Renate G. Klaassen64 Interdisciplinarians 290Tanya Augsburg65 Interdisciplinary doctoraleducation 296Rafi Rashid66 Interdisciplinarity 301Rick Szostak67 Interdisciplinary curricula 305Karri A. Holley68 Interdisciplinary studies 309Michelle Phillips Buchberger69 Knowledge organization 314Rick Szostak70 Liberating structures 318Keith McCandless, ArvindSinghal and Steven H. Cady71 Liminality 323Paul Stenner72 Marginality 328Mark A. Runco73 Metacognition 332Machiel Keestra74 Mode of knowledge production 338Helga Nowotny and Peter Scott75 Multidisciplinarity 343Rick Szostak76 Multivocality 346Kristine Lund77 Nicolescuian approach totransdisciplinarity 352Sue L. T. McGregor78 One health 357Jakob Zinsstag79 Open sciencedevelopments in Africa 362Heide Hackmann and Hester duPlessis80 Participatory ActionResearch (Latin Americantradition) 366Juliana Merçon81 Participatory research methods 370Lisa M. Vaughn82 Pluralism 374Romain Sauzet83 Polymathy 378Mark A. Runco and Ahmed M.Abdulla84 Possible 381Vlad Glaveanu85 Post-normal science 385Zora Kovacic and Silvio Funtowicz86 Postdisciplinarity 390Tomas Pernecky87 Power 394Ross T. Shackleton, Livia Fritzand Christian A. Kull88 Practical wisdomfor transdisciplinarysustainability science 399Guido Caniglia89 Precautionary principle 404Sven Ove Hansson90 Problem finding 408Mark A. Runco and Lindsay Ellis Lee91 Process design 412Rico Defila and Antonietta Di Giulio92 Public space 417Vikas Mehta93 Real-world labs and living labs 421Oliver Parodi and Andreas Seebacher94 Relative entropy 426Yair Neuman95 Research use 430Annette Boaz96 Resilience 433Ross T. Shackleton, WillemMalherbe and Reinette (Oonsie) Biggs97 Responsivity 438Ulli Vilsmaier98 Risk 442Sven Ove Hansson99 Scaffolding 446Roderick J. Lawrence100 Scenario 450Michael Stauffacher101 Science of team science (SciTS) 455Kara L. Hall and Stephen M. Fiore102 Science-policy interface 461Lukas P. Fesenfeld, Janet G.Hering and Karin Ingold103 Serendipity 467Samantha Copeland and Wendy Ross104 Shared understanding 471Faye Q. Miller105 Social ecology 477Daniel Stokols106 Social-ecological systems (SES) 483Ross T. Shackleton107 Stakeholder engagement 487Gabriele Bammer108 Sustainability 492Antonietta Di Giulio109 Sustainable cities 497Kerstin Hemström, Merritt Polkand Warren Smit110 Sustainable knowledge 501Robert Frodeman111 Synthesizing 505Sabine Hoffmann112 Theory of Change 509Heléne Clark113 Theory-practice transfer model 514Maik Arnold114 Third place 520Vikas Mehta115 Thought styles 524Nicola Mößner116 Threshold concepts 529Gloria Kirwan117 Toolkits 533ITD Alliance Working Group onToolkits and Methods118 Training the next generation 538Nathalie Dupin119 Transdisciplinarians 542Tanya Augsburg120 Transdisciplinarity 548Roderick J. Lawrence121 Transdisciplinary research process 553Alexandra Lux, MichaelKreß-Ludwig and Flurina Schneider122 Transformation 558Ulli Vilsmaier and Katie Ross123 Transformative change 563Karri A. Holley124 Transformative ocean governance 567Jeremy M. Hills and Payal N.Maharaj125 Transformative spaces 571Laura Pereira126 Transformative learning 576Jörg Balsiger127 Transformative research 580Antonietta Di Giulio and Rico Defila128 Transhumanism 585Jennifer M. Gidley129 Transversal skills 590Ciarán Dunne130 Transversity 594Sue L. T. McGregor131 Travelling concepts 599Tessa Diphoorn, Susanne Knitteland Brianne McGonigle Leyh132 Types of knowledge 603Christian Pohl133 Unknowns 607Gabriele Bammer134 Wicked problems 612Craig A. Ashhurst and ValerieA. Brown135 World history 617Rick Szostak

Edited by Frédéric Darbellay, Head of the Inter- and Transdisciplinarity Unit, Centre for Children’s Rights Studies, University of Geneva, Switzerland

‘We live in an era when diverse forms of scholarship are being undertaken all over the world, and new computational systems surprise us with their human-like competence. The numerous distinctive contributions to this book provide a timely opportunity to take stock on where scholarship is today and how it may evolve in the period ahead.’

• ContentsList of contributors xPreface xiv1 Academic identities 1Liudvika Leišytė and Anna-Lena Rose2 Action research 5Hilary Bradbury3 Administration 9Rick Szostak4 Against interdisciplinarity 13Valerie V. Peterson5 Agroecological transitions 18Johanna Jacobi and NavyaMiriam Itty6 Analogy 24Christian D. Schunn7 Brainstorming 28Gerard Puccio, Jacob LeeRavnborg and Samantha Monaghan8 Career 32Nathalie Dupin and Catherine Lyall9 Change 36Gabriele Bammer10 Children as co-researchers 41Zoe Moody11 Citizen science 46Silke Voigt-Heucke, MukiHaklay and Susanne Hecker12 Co-creation 50Katrin Prager and Graeme Nicholas13 Co-designing forinterdisciplinarity 54Lina Markauskaite, CaraWrigley and Genevieve Mosely14 Co-production:a functional-dynamic approach 60Michael Stauffacher15 Collaboration readiness 65Gaetano Romano Lotrecchiano16 Collaborative problem solving 70Stephen M. Fiore and Kara L. Hall17 Communication 75Jessica L. Thompson18 Competence 80Colleen Teresa Knechtel19 Complex adaptive systems 86Rika Preiser20 Complexity 91Johannes Strikwerda21 Convergence research 97Mihail C. Roco22 Convergent thinking 104Mark A. Runco23 Creative problem solving 108Samira Bourgeois-Bougrine24 Creative process 112David Laille, Raphaël Julliardand Marion Botella25 Creativity 116Todd Lubart26 Critical interdisciplinarity 120Michelle Phillips Buchberger27 Critical thinking 124Stéphan Vincent-Lancrin28 Crossdisciplinarity 129Michael O’Rourke, JulieMennes and Marisa A. Rinkus29 Crowdsourcing research 135Dietmar Wechsler30 Cultural studies ofcollaborative science andtechnology 139Bianca Vienni-Baptista31 Curiosity-driven research 144Ortwin Renn32 Decolonizing transdisciplinarity 148Danilo R. Streck and CarolinaSchenatto da Rosa33 Deep interdisciplinarityand transdisciplinaryknowledge co-production 152John Robinson34 Democratic backsliding 157Rick Szostak35 Design activities 160Nathalie Bonnardel36 Design innovation 165Cara Wrigley and Judy Matthews37 Design thinking 170Nigel Cross38 Dialogue of knowledge 174Valentín Val, Lia PinheiroBarbosa and Oscar Soto39 Dialogue 178Michael O’Rourke and ChetMcLeskey40 Discipline 182Björn Hammarfelt41 Divergent thinking 186Mark A. Runco42 Diversity 190Machiel Keestra43 Ecological consciousness 196Rhonda D. Davis44 Embedded researchers 201Anna Taylor45 Epistemic fluency 205Lina Markauskaite, PeterGoodyear and Natalie Spence46 Epistemic identity 210Lisa M. Osbeck and Nancy J.Nersessian47 Failure 214Michael O’Rourke, Dena Famand Edgar Cardenas48 Field philosophy 218Evelyn Brister49 Future of design 222Gjoko Muratovski50 Futures thinking literacy 226Hava E. Vidergor51 Gender andinterdisciplinary research 231Isabel Fletcher and Catherine Lyall52 Giftedness 235Sarah A. Caroleo and JonathanA. Plucker53 Global environmental change 240Gabriela Litre and Marcel Bursztyn54 Human ecology 245Roderick J. Lawrence55 Imagination 250Tania Zittoun and OliverClifford Pedersen56 Inclusive systemic thinking 254Ellen D. Lewis, Anne Stephensand Sumita Chatterjee57 Information 259Johannes Strikwerda58 Innovation 264Mary Pei and Jonathan A. Plucker59 Institutionalising 268Bianca Vienni-Baptista60 Integration experts and expertise 273Sabine Hoffmann, Lisa Deutschand Michael O’Rourke61 Integration 277Alexandra Lux, Oskar Margand Flurina Schneider62 Intelligence 281Robert J. Sternberg63 Inter- and transdisciplinarylearning 284Renate G. Klaassen64 Interdisciplinarians 290Tanya Augsburg65 Interdisciplinary doctoraleducation 296Rafi Rashid66 Interdisciplinarity 301Rick Szostak67 Interdisciplinary curricula 305Karri A. Holley68 Interdisciplinary studies 309Michelle Phillips Buchberger69 Knowledge organization 314Rick Szostak70 Liberating structures 318Keith McCandless, ArvindSinghal and Steven H. Cady71 Liminality 323Paul Stenner72 Marginality 328Mark A. Runco73 Metacognition 332Machiel Keestra74 Mode of knowledge production 338Helga Nowotny and Peter Scott75 Multidisciplinarity 343Rick Szostak76 Multivocality 346Kristine Lund77 Nicolescuian approach totransdisciplinarity 352Sue L. T. McGregor78 One health 357Jakob Zinsstag79 Open sciencedevelopments in Africa 362Heide Hackmann and Hester duPlessis80 Participatory ActionResearch (Latin Americantradition) 366Juliana Merçon81 Participatory research methods 370Lisa M. Vaughn82 Pluralism 374Romain Sauzet83 Polymathy 378Mark A. Runco and Ahmed M.Abdulla84 Possible 381Vlad Glaveanu85 Post-normal science 385Zora Kovacic and Silvio Funtowicz86 Postdisciplinarity 390Tomas Pernecky87 Power 394Ross T. Shackleton, Livia Fritzand Christian A. Kull88 Practical wisdomfor transdisciplinarysustainability science 399Guido Caniglia89 Precautionary principle 404Sven Ove Hansson90 Problem finding 408Mark A. Runco and Lindsay Ellis Lee91 Process design 412Rico Defila and Antonietta Di Giulio92 Public space 417Vikas Mehta93 Real-world labs and living labs 421Oliver Parodi and Andreas Seebacher94 Relative entropy 426Yair Neuman95 Research use 430Annette Boaz96 Resilience 433Ross T. Shackleton, WillemMalherbe and Reinette (Oonsie) Biggs97 Responsivity 438Ulli Vilsmaier98 Risk 442Sven Ove Hansson99 Scaffolding 446Roderick J. Lawrence100 Scenario 450Michael Stauffacher101 Science of team science (SciTS) 455Kara L. Hall and Stephen M. Fiore102 Science-policy interface 461Lukas P. Fesenfeld, Janet G.Hering and Karin Ingold103 Serendipity 467Samantha Copeland and Wendy Ross104 Shared understanding 471Faye Q. Miller105 Social ecology 477Daniel Stokols106 Social-ecological systems (SES) 483Ross T. Shackleton107 Stakeholder engagement 487Gabriele Bammer108 Sustainability 492Antonietta Di Giulio109 Sustainable cities 497Kerstin Hemström, Merritt Polkand Warren Smit110 Sustainable knowledge 501Robert Frodeman111 Synthesizing 505Sabine Hoffmann112 Theory of Change 509Heléne Clark113 Theory-practice transfer model 514Maik Arnold114 Third place 520Vikas Mehta115 Thought styles 524Nicola Mößner116 Threshold concepts 529Gloria Kirwan117 Toolkits 533ITD Alliance Working Group onToolkits and Methods118 Training the next generation 538Nathalie Dupin119 Transdisciplinarians 542Tanya Augsburg120 Transdisciplinarity 548Roderick J. Lawrence121 Transdisciplinary research process 553Alexandra Lux, MichaelKreß-Ludwig and Flurina Schneider122 Transformation 558Ulli Vilsmaier and Katie Ross123 Transformative change 563Karri A. Holley124 Transformative ocean governance 567Jeremy M. Hills and Payal N.Maharaj125 Transformative spaces 571Laura Pereira126 Transformative learning 576Jörg Balsiger127 Transformative research 580Antonietta Di Giulio and Rico Defila128 Transhumanism 585Jennifer M. Gidley129 Transversal skills 590Ciarán Dunne130 Transversity 594Sue L. T. McGregor131 Travelling concepts 599Tessa Diphoorn, Susanne Knitteland Brianne McGonigle Leyh132 Types of knowledge 603Christian Pohl133 Unknowns 607Gabriele Bammer134 Wicked problems 612Craig A. Ashhurst and ValerieA. Brown135 World history 617Rick Szostak