Edited by Siniša Vuković, Senior Lecturer of Conflict Management and Global Policy and Director of the MA in Global Policy Program, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and P. Terrence Hopmann, Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Brown University and Senior Fellow, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, USA

‘Siniša Vuković and Terry Hopmann, both eminent scholars of global politics, have envisioned and pulled together what will certainly become a definitive treatment of the varied types and complex politics of international agreements. This topic has been too often neglected in favor of analyzing specific agreements rather than a range of them along with the characteristic processes by which they have been negotiated. An invaluable resource for scholars, policymakers, and students of international relations.’

• ContentsPART I INTRODUCTIONIntroduction: the paradox of international order: agreements in an age of fracture 2Siniša Vuković and P. Terrence HopmannPART II TYPES OF AGREEMENTS1 The politics of agreements on arms control and disarmament 10P. Terrence Hopmann2 Alliance treaties: writing the terms of military cooperation 36Paul Poast and Hope Dancy3 Ceasefires and security arrangements 49Govinda Clayton and Irena Grizelj4 Bilateral agreements between states: border delimitation agreements 62Andrew P. Owsiak and Douglas B. Atkinson5 Environmental agreements 82Lynn Wagner6 On the politics of preferential trade agreements 96Giovanna Maria Dora Dore7 Business and commercial agreements 108Meherun Nesa and Molly M. Melin8 Political agreements and international legal issues 124Catherine Turner9 Agreements on normalisation and statehood 139Gëzim Visoka10 International agreements against corruption and transnational organized crime 158Bertram I. Spector11 From frontlines to firewalls: cybersecurity and international security cooperation 169Emily Otto and Melissa K. GriffithPART III IMPACT OF NEGOTIATION PROCESS AND STRUCTURES ON AGREEMENTS12 The politics of process design in peace negotiations and mediation 185Julia Palmiano Federer, Sara Hellmüller and Eemeli Isoaho13 The role of turning points in international agreements 197Daniel Druckman and Mara Olekalns14 The impact of Track Two diplomacy on international agreements 215Peter Jones15 Informal multilateral associations and their agreements 230Pamela Aall and Chester A. Crocker16 Minilateralism 242Susan Hannah Allen and Amy T. Yuen17 The role of justice in negotiations 259I. William Zartman18 The Russia–Ukraine War: asymmetry, levels of power, and the Minsk Accords 268Lise Morjé HowardPART IV THE POLITICS OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE AGREEMENTS19 Where have all the peace agreements gone? On the decline of intra-state peace agreements 291Isak Svensson20 Mediated peace agreements 304Siniša Vuković21 Neutral mediation in pursuit of international agreements 325Liliane Stadler22 Partial agreements 339Julián Arévalo and Andrés García Trujillo23 The impact of human rights on international peace agreements 356Katarina Månsson24 Women’s participation and gender provisions in peacemaking 369Jenna Sapiano and Allison Kielhold25 Impact of civil society on peace agreements 388Desirée Nilsson26 Power sharing: the promises, paradoxes and perils of power sharing in peace agreements 401Timothy D. Sisk27 The future of peace agreements: how AI changes everything (or does it?) 414Valerie SticherPART V POLITICS OF POST-PEACE AGREEMENT IMPLEMENTATION28 Post-agreement reconciliation 427Valérie Rosoux29 2016 Colombian peace accord: inclusion, design and implementation 442Josefina Echavarría Álvarez, Allison Kielhold and Cristian Sáez Flórez30 Exploring the diversity of non-Western approaches to peacebuilding, conflict management, and the implementation of peace agreements 467Kazushige KobayashiPART VI CORE THEMES IN CONTEMPORARY STUDIES OF NEGOTIATED AGREEMENTS31 Identitarian movements and negotiated agreements: the impact of nationalism, ethnicity, and populism on global governance 483Barbora Valík and Erin K. Jenne32 The politics of epistemic communities in international agreements 501Giuliano Espino33 Epistemic communities: norms, diffusion, and impact on intergovernmental agreements 516Daniel Serwer34 The impact of norms on agreements: minority rights norms in successive agreements to resolve the Kosovo-Serbia conflict 526Dana M. Landau35 The paradox of agreements on humanitarian norms: how to agree on and enforce the responsibility to protect without harming the people the agreement aims to protect? 540Timo Kivimäki

Edited by Siniša Vuković, Senior Lecturer of Conflict Management and Global Policy and Director of the MA in Global Policy Program, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and P. Terrence Hopmann, Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Brown University and Senior Fellow, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, USA

‘Siniša Vuković and Terry Hopmann, both eminent scholars of global politics, have envisioned and pulled together what will certainly become a definitive treatment of the varied types and complex politics of international agreements. This topic has been too often neglected in favor of analyzing specific agreements rather than a range of them along with the characteristic processes by which they have been negotiated. An invaluable resource for scholars, policymakers, and students of international relations.’

• ContentsPART I INTRODUCTIONIntroduction: the paradox of international order: agreements in an age of fracture 2Siniša Vuković and P. Terrence HopmannPART II TYPES OF AGREEMENTS1 The politics of agreements on arms control and disarmament 10P. Terrence Hopmann2 Alliance treaties: writing the terms of military cooperation 36Paul Poast and Hope Dancy3 Ceasefires and security arrangements 49Govinda Clayton and Irena Grizelj4 Bilateral agreements between states: border delimitation agreements 62Andrew P. Owsiak and Douglas B. Atkinson5 Environmental agreements 82Lynn Wagner6 On the politics of preferential trade agreements 96Giovanna Maria Dora Dore7 Business and commercial agreements 108Meherun Nesa and Molly M. Melin8 Political agreements and international legal issues 124Catherine Turner9 Agreements on normalisation and statehood 139Gëzim Visoka10 International agreements against corruption and transnational organized crime 158Bertram I. Spector11 From frontlines to firewalls: cybersecurity and international security cooperation 169Emily Otto and Melissa K. GriffithPART III IMPACT OF NEGOTIATION PROCESS AND STRUCTURES ON AGREEMENTS12 The politics of process design in peace negotiations and mediation 185Julia Palmiano Federer, Sara Hellmüller and Eemeli Isoaho13 The role of turning points in international agreements 197Daniel Druckman and Mara Olekalns14 The impact of Track Two diplomacy on international agreements 215Peter Jones15 Informal multilateral associations and their agreements 230Pamela Aall and Chester A. Crocker16 Minilateralism 242Susan Hannah Allen and Amy T. Yuen17 The role of justice in negotiations 259I. William Zartman18 The Russia–Ukraine War: asymmetry, levels of power, and the Minsk Accords 268Lise Morjé HowardPART IV THE POLITICS OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE AGREEMENTS19 Where have all the peace agreements gone? On the decline of intra-state peace agreements 291Isak Svensson20 Mediated peace agreements 304Siniša Vuković21 Neutral mediation in pursuit of international agreements 325Liliane Stadler22 Partial agreements 339Julián Arévalo and Andrés García Trujillo23 The impact of human rights on international peace agreements 356Katarina Månsson24 Women’s participation and gender provisions in peacemaking 369Jenna Sapiano and Allison Kielhold25 Impact of civil society on peace agreements 388Desirée Nilsson26 Power sharing: the promises, paradoxes and perils of power sharing in peace agreements 401Timothy D. Sisk27 The future of peace agreements: how AI changes everything (or does it?) 414Valerie SticherPART V POLITICS OF POST-PEACE AGREEMENT IMPLEMENTATION28 Post-agreement reconciliation 427Valérie Rosoux29 2016 Colombian peace accord: inclusion, design and implementation 442Josefina Echavarría Álvarez, Allison Kielhold and Cristian Sáez Flórez30 Exploring the diversity of non-Western approaches to peacebuilding, conflict management, and the implementation of peace agreements 467Kazushige KobayashiPART VI CORE THEMES IN CONTEMPORARY STUDIES OF NEGOTIATED AGREEMENTS31 Identitarian movements and negotiated agreements: the impact of nationalism, ethnicity, and populism on global governance 483Barbora Valík and Erin K. Jenne32 The politics of epistemic communities in international agreements 501Giuliano Espino33 Epistemic communities: norms, diffusion, and impact on intergovernmental agreements 516Daniel Serwer34 The impact of norms on agreements: minority rights norms in successive agreements to resolve the Kosovo-Serbia conflict 526Dana M. Landau35 The paradox of agreements on humanitarian norms: how to agree on and enforce the responsibility to protect without harming the people the agreement aims to protect? 540Timo Kivimäki

Edited by Siniša Vuković, Senior Lecturer of Conflict Management and Global Policy and Director of the MA in Global Policy Program, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and P. Terrence Hopmann, Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Brown University and Senior Fellow, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, USA

‘Siniša Vuković and Terry Hopmann, both eminent scholars of global politics, have envisioned and pulled together what will certainly become a definitive treatment of the varied types and complex politics of international agreements. This topic has been too often neglected in favor of analyzing specific agreements rather than a range of them along with the characteristic processes by which they have been negotiated. An invaluable resource for scholars, policymakers, and students of international relations.’

• ContentsPART I INTRODUCTIONIntroduction: the paradox of international order: agreements in an age of fracture 2Siniša Vuković and P. Terrence HopmannPART II TYPES OF AGREEMENTS1 The politics of agreements on arms control and disarmament 10P. Terrence Hopmann2 Alliance treaties: writing the terms of military cooperation 36Paul Poast and Hope Dancy3 Ceasefires and security arrangements 49Govinda Clayton and Irena Grizelj4 Bilateral agreements between states: border delimitation agreements 62Andrew P. Owsiak and Douglas B. Atkinson5 Environmental agreements 82Lynn Wagner6 On the politics of preferential trade agreements 96Giovanna Maria Dora Dore7 Business and commercial agreements 108Meherun Nesa and Molly M. Melin8 Political agreements and international legal issues 124Catherine Turner9 Agreements on normalisation and statehood 139Gëzim Visoka10 International agreements against corruption and transnational organized crime 158Bertram I. Spector11 From frontlines to firewalls: cybersecurity and international security cooperation 169Emily Otto and Melissa K. GriffithPART III IMPACT OF NEGOTIATION PROCESS AND STRUCTURES ON AGREEMENTS12 The politics of process design in peace negotiations and mediation 185Julia Palmiano Federer, Sara Hellmüller and Eemeli Isoaho13 The role of turning points in international agreements 197Daniel Druckman and Mara Olekalns14 The impact of Track Two diplomacy on international agreements 215Peter Jones15 Informal multilateral associations and their agreements 230Pamela Aall and Chester A. Crocker16 Minilateralism 242Susan Hannah Allen and Amy T. Yuen17 The role of justice in negotiations 259I. William Zartman18 The Russia–Ukraine War: asymmetry, levels of power, and the Minsk Accords 268Lise Morjé HowardPART IV THE POLITICS OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE AGREEMENTS19 Where have all the peace agreements gone? On the decline of intra-state peace agreements 291Isak Svensson20 Mediated peace agreements 304Siniša Vuković21 Neutral mediation in pursuit of international agreements 325Liliane Stadler22 Partial agreements 339Julián Arévalo and Andrés García Trujillo23 The impact of human rights on international peace agreements 356Katarina Månsson24 Women’s participation and gender provisions in peacemaking 369Jenna Sapiano and Allison Kielhold25 Impact of civil society on peace agreements 388Desirée Nilsson26 Power sharing: the promises, paradoxes and perils of power sharing in peace agreements 401Timothy D. Sisk27 The future of peace agreements: how AI changes everything (or does it?) 414Valerie SticherPART V POLITICS OF POST-PEACE AGREEMENT IMPLEMENTATION28 Post-agreement reconciliation 427Valérie Rosoux29 2016 Colombian peace accord: inclusion, design and implementation 442Josefina Echavarría Álvarez, Allison Kielhold and Cristian Sáez Flórez30 Exploring the diversity of non-Western approaches to peacebuilding, conflict management, and the implementation of peace agreements 467Kazushige KobayashiPART VI CORE THEMES IN CONTEMPORARY STUDIES OF NEGOTIATED AGREEMENTS31 Identitarian movements and negotiated agreements: the impact of nationalism, ethnicity, and populism on global governance 483Barbora Valík and Erin K. Jenne32 The politics of epistemic communities in international agreements 501Giuliano Espino33 Epistemic communities: norms, diffusion, and impact on intergovernmental agreements 516Daniel Serwer34 The impact of norms on agreements: minority rights norms in successive agreements to resolve the Kosovo-Serbia conflict 526Dana M. Landau35 The paradox of agreements on humanitarian norms: how to agree on and enforce the responsibility to protect without harming the people the agreement aims to protect? 540Timo Kivimäki