Edited by Irene Couzigou, Professor of International Law, University of Aberdeen, UK

‘An inspired, timely collection of diverse voices that together demonstrate the profound impact of technology across legal regimes.’

• Contents1 Introduction: International law and technological change 1Irene CouzigouPART I  TECHNOLOGY, INTERNATIONAL LEGALDISCOURSE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW-MAKING 2 Investigations with digital open-source information and thestabilization of international norms: Protecting the principleof non-refoulement 18Henning Lahmann3 The challenges posed to democratic governance by Big Tech:What role for international law? 45Neli Frost4 A computational turn in customary international law: Asolution to the discontents with the identification of custom? 70Emilie van den HovenPART II TECHNOLOGY, IMPLEMENTATION ANDDEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAWSection 1 Challenges for international humanitarian rights law andrefugee law5 Translating and developing international human rights law inthe online sphere: The role of Meta’s Oversight Board 95Stefania Di Stefano6 The European Union’s border security ecosystem –reconciling technological development, human rights andsecurity threats at the borders of Europe 122Lauren E Elrick 7 International refugee law in the digital age: Opportunities andchallenges 149Sandrine TurgisSection 2 Challenges for international humanitarian law8 Hypersonic weapons and international law: Incompatibilitieswith arms control treaties and international humanitarian law 174Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan9 The law of targeting’s mechanization and objectivizationthrough the use of artificial intelligence 202Tobias VestnerPART III  TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONALACCOUNTABILITY 10 ‘The computer did it, not me!’ The challenges of allocatinginternational legal responsibility for the use of autonomouscyber capabilities enabled by artificial intelligence 226Samuli Haataja and Simon McKenzie11 International human rights law in the era of blockchain:Redefining accountability in decentralized systems 250José Gustavo Prieto Muñoz12 Conclusion: International law and technological change 277Irene CouzigouIndex 288

Edited by Irene Couzigou, Professor of International Law, University of Aberdeen, UK

‘An inspired, timely collection of diverse voices that together demonstrate the profound impact of technology across legal regimes.’

• Contents1 Introduction: International law and technological change 1Irene CouzigouPART I  TECHNOLOGY, INTERNATIONAL LEGALDISCOURSE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW-MAKING 2 Investigations with digital open-source information and thestabilization of international norms: Protecting the principleof non-refoulement 18Henning Lahmann3 The challenges posed to democratic governance by Big Tech:What role for international law? 45Neli Frost4 A computational turn in customary international law: Asolution to the discontents with the identification of custom? 70Emilie van den HovenPART II TECHNOLOGY, IMPLEMENTATION ANDDEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAWSection 1 Challenges for international humanitarian rights law andrefugee law5 Translating and developing international human rights law inthe online sphere: The role of Meta’s Oversight Board 95Stefania Di Stefano6 The European Union’s border security ecosystem –reconciling technological development, human rights andsecurity threats at the borders of Europe 122Lauren E Elrick 7 International refugee law in the digital age: Opportunities andchallenges 149Sandrine TurgisSection 2 Challenges for international humanitarian law8 Hypersonic weapons and international law: Incompatibilitieswith arms control treaties and international humanitarian law 174Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan9 The law of targeting’s mechanization and objectivizationthrough the use of artificial intelligence 202Tobias VestnerPART III  TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONALACCOUNTABILITY 10 ‘The computer did it, not me!’ The challenges of allocatinginternational legal responsibility for the use of autonomouscyber capabilities enabled by artificial intelligence 226Samuli Haataja and Simon McKenzie11 International human rights law in the era of blockchain:Redefining accountability in decentralized systems 250José Gustavo Prieto Muñoz12 Conclusion: International law and technological change 277Irene CouzigouIndex 288

Edited by Irene Couzigou, Professor of International Law, University of Aberdeen, UK

‘An inspired, timely collection of diverse voices that together demonstrate the profound impact of technology across legal regimes.’

• Contents1 Introduction: International law and technological change 1Irene CouzigouPART I  TECHNOLOGY, INTERNATIONAL LEGALDISCOURSE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW-MAKING 2 Investigations with digital open-source information and thestabilization of international norms: Protecting the principleof non-refoulement 18Henning Lahmann3 The challenges posed to democratic governance by Big Tech:What role for international law? 45Neli Frost4 A computational turn in customary international law: Asolution to the discontents with the identification of custom? 70Emilie van den HovenPART II TECHNOLOGY, IMPLEMENTATION ANDDEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAWSection 1 Challenges for international humanitarian rights law andrefugee law5 Translating and developing international human rights law inthe online sphere: The role of Meta’s Oversight Board 95Stefania Di Stefano6 The European Union’s border security ecosystem –reconciling technological development, human rights andsecurity threats at the borders of Europe 122Lauren E Elrick 7 International refugee law in the digital age: Opportunities andchallenges 149Sandrine TurgisSection 2 Challenges for international humanitarian law8 Hypersonic weapons and international law: Incompatibilitieswith arms control treaties and international humanitarian law 174Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan9 The law of targeting’s mechanization and objectivizationthrough the use of artificial intelligence 202Tobias VestnerPART III  TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONALACCOUNTABILITY 10 ‘The computer did it, not me!’ The challenges of allocatinginternational legal responsibility for the use of autonomouscyber capabilities enabled by artificial intelligence 226Samuli Haataja and Simon McKenzie11 International human rights law in the era of blockchain:Redefining accountability in decentralized systems 250José Gustavo Prieto Muñoz12 Conclusion: International law and technological change 277Irene CouzigouIndex 288