Edited by Geir Hønneland, Research Professor, Andreas Østhagen, Research Director, Arctic and Ocean Politics, Fridtjof Nansen Institute and Svein Vigeland Rottem, Senior Research Fellow, Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway

‘This thoroughly revised Handbook offers a wealth of perspectives on Arctic political dynamics over the last decade. A notable feature is a generous selection of essays on Arctic geopolitics. Those wanting to understand the growing influence of this perspective on Arctic affairs will find the book essential reading.’

• ContentsPreface xiiIntroduction: from ‘the Age of the Arctic’ to ‘the Scramble for the Arctic’ andbeyond xiiiGeir Hønneland, Andreas Østhagen and Svein Vigeland RottemPART I INTERNATIONAL LEGAL AND GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORKS1 The exploitation and management of marine resources in the Arctic: law,politics, and the environmental imperative 2Robin Churchill2 Maritime limits and boundaries in the Arctic Ocean: agreements anddisputes 48Clive Schofield, Ted L. McDorman, and I. Made Andi Arsana3 State practice in the establishment of continental shelf limits beyond 200nm in the Arctic Ocean 72Øystein Jensen4 Arctic marine mammals in international environmental law and trade law 87Nigel Bankes and Elizabeth Whitsitt5 Arctic governance after Ukraine: pros and cons of institutional complexity 117Olav Schram Stokke6 Fisheries and aquaculture in the Arctic: globally significant 139Alf Håkon Hoel7 The role of discourse analysis in understanding spatial systems 151E. Carina H. Keskitalo8 Soft governance in the Arctic 164Beate Steinveg, Svein Vigeland Rottem and Serafima Andreeva9 Arctic Mayors’ Forum: local governments in Arctic governance 175Iselin Németh Winther10 Private sustainability certification of Arctic fisheries: lessons from a large-scale and a small-scale fishery in the Northeast Atlantic 186Geir HønnelandPART II NATIONAL APPROACHES11 Canadian sovereignty versus northern security: critiquing the persistenceof Canada’s colonial mental map of the Arctic 213Lee-Anne Broadhead12 Inuit foreign policy and international relations in the Arctic 231Nadine C. Fabbi13 Where East and West collide? Amidst Russia’s military resurgence,America recalibrates its embrace of collaborative Arctic security 250Barry Scott Zellen14 Reluctant no more? The complexities of US Arctic security strategy 281Andreas Østhagen, Pavel Devyatkin and Lillian Hussong15 A strategic interest: understanding China’s Arctic approach 298Iselin Stensdal and Gørild Heggelund16 The European Union and the Arctic: a dedicated policy for a complexspace 314Andreas Raspotnik and Adam Stępieę17 Poland in the Arctic: assessing progress, prospects, and policy challenges 328Michał Łuszczuk18 Denmark’s Arctic awakening: how foreign and defence policy turnedNorth 341Marc Jacobsen and Jon Rahbek-Clemmensen19 Norway’s Delicate Arctic Balancing Act 356Andreas Østhagen20 Arctic research: actors, priorities and drivers at national and internationallevels 372Serafima Andreeva and Geir HønnelandPART III GEOPOLITICS21 Arctic geopolitics and international relations 409Andreas Østhagen22 A decolonial approach to Arctic security and sovereignty 426Gabriella Gricius23 Friends in need? Russo–Chinese cooperation in the Arctic 447Erdem Lamazhapov24 The death of Arctic exceptionalism? Russian-Western cooperation beforeand after the war in Ukraine 464Pavel Devyatkin25 Subsurface geopolitics: critical minerals, Greenlandic autonomy, and thegreen transition 482Mark Nuttall26 Ambiguity in the Arctic: the geopolitics of bases on Svalbard in the firsthalf of the twentieth century 495Olivia Wynne Houck27 Russia’s Northern Fleet and the Arctic: still (re)militarising? 513Jonas Kjellén28 NATO in the Arctic: misunderstood and misrepresented 533Alina Bykova, Paal Sigurd Hilde, Duncan Depledge, AndreasØsthagen and P. Whitney Lackenbauer

Edited by Geir Hønneland, Research Professor, Andreas Østhagen, Research Director, Arctic and Ocean Politics, Fridtjof Nansen Institute and Svein Vigeland Rottem, Senior Research Fellow, Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway

‘This thoroughly revised Handbook offers a wealth of perspectives on Arctic political dynamics over the last decade. A notable feature is a generous selection of essays on Arctic geopolitics. Those wanting to understand the growing influence of this perspective on Arctic affairs will find the book essential reading.’

• ContentsPreface xiiIntroduction: from ‘the Age of the Arctic’ to ‘the Scramble for the Arctic’ andbeyond xiiiGeir Hønneland, Andreas Østhagen and Svein Vigeland RottemPART I INTERNATIONAL LEGAL AND GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORKS1 The exploitation and management of marine resources in the Arctic: law,politics, and the environmental imperative 2Robin Churchill2 Maritime limits and boundaries in the Arctic Ocean: agreements anddisputes 48Clive Schofield, Ted L. McDorman, and I. Made Andi Arsana3 State practice in the establishment of continental shelf limits beyond 200nm in the Arctic Ocean 72Øystein Jensen4 Arctic marine mammals in international environmental law and trade law 87Nigel Bankes and Elizabeth Whitsitt5 Arctic governance after Ukraine: pros and cons of institutional complexity 117Olav Schram Stokke6 Fisheries and aquaculture in the Arctic: globally significant 139Alf Håkon Hoel7 The role of discourse analysis in understanding spatial systems 151E. Carina H. Keskitalo8 Soft governance in the Arctic 164Beate Steinveg, Svein Vigeland Rottem and Serafima Andreeva9 Arctic Mayors’ Forum: local governments in Arctic governance 175Iselin Németh Winther10 Private sustainability certification of Arctic fisheries: lessons from a large-scale and a small-scale fishery in the Northeast Atlantic 186Geir HønnelandPART II NATIONAL APPROACHES11 Canadian sovereignty versus northern security: critiquing the persistenceof Canada’s colonial mental map of the Arctic 213Lee-Anne Broadhead12 Inuit foreign policy and international relations in the Arctic 231Nadine C. Fabbi13 Where East and West collide? Amidst Russia’s military resurgence,America recalibrates its embrace of collaborative Arctic security 250Barry Scott Zellen14 Reluctant no more? The complexities of US Arctic security strategy 281Andreas Østhagen, Pavel Devyatkin and Lillian Hussong15 A strategic interest: understanding China’s Arctic approach 298Iselin Stensdal and Gørild Heggelund16 The European Union and the Arctic: a dedicated policy for a complexspace 314Andreas Raspotnik and Adam Stępieę17 Poland in the Arctic: assessing progress, prospects, and policy challenges 328Michał Łuszczuk18 Denmark’s Arctic awakening: how foreign and defence policy turnedNorth 341Marc Jacobsen and Jon Rahbek-Clemmensen19 Norway’s Delicate Arctic Balancing Act 356Andreas Østhagen20 Arctic research: actors, priorities and drivers at national and internationallevels 372Serafima Andreeva and Geir HønnelandPART III GEOPOLITICS21 Arctic geopolitics and international relations 409Andreas Østhagen22 A decolonial approach to Arctic security and sovereignty 426Gabriella Gricius23 Friends in need? Russo–Chinese cooperation in the Arctic 447Erdem Lamazhapov24 The death of Arctic exceptionalism? Russian-Western cooperation beforeand after the war in Ukraine 464Pavel Devyatkin25 Subsurface geopolitics: critical minerals, Greenlandic autonomy, and thegreen transition 482Mark Nuttall26 Ambiguity in the Arctic: the geopolitics of bases on Svalbard in the firsthalf of the twentieth century 495Olivia Wynne Houck27 Russia’s Northern Fleet and the Arctic: still (re)militarising? 513Jonas Kjellén28 NATO in the Arctic: misunderstood and misrepresented 533Alina Bykova, Paal Sigurd Hilde, Duncan Depledge, AndreasØsthagen and P. Whitney Lackenbauer

Edited by Geir Hønneland, Research Professor, Andreas Østhagen, Research Director, Arctic and Ocean Politics, Fridtjof Nansen Institute and Svein Vigeland Rottem, Senior Research Fellow, Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway

‘This thoroughly revised Handbook offers a wealth of perspectives on Arctic political dynamics over the last decade. A notable feature is a generous selection of essays on Arctic geopolitics. Those wanting to understand the growing influence of this perspective on Arctic affairs will find the book essential reading.’

• ContentsPreface xiiIntroduction: from ‘the Age of the Arctic’ to ‘the Scramble for the Arctic’ andbeyond xiiiGeir Hønneland, Andreas Østhagen and Svein Vigeland RottemPART I INTERNATIONAL LEGAL AND GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORKS1 The exploitation and management of marine resources in the Arctic: law,politics, and the environmental imperative 2Robin Churchill2 Maritime limits and boundaries in the Arctic Ocean: agreements anddisputes 48Clive Schofield, Ted L. McDorman, and I. Made Andi Arsana3 State practice in the establishment of continental shelf limits beyond 200nm in the Arctic Ocean 72Øystein Jensen4 Arctic marine mammals in international environmental law and trade law 87Nigel Bankes and Elizabeth Whitsitt5 Arctic governance after Ukraine: pros and cons of institutional complexity 117Olav Schram Stokke6 Fisheries and aquaculture in the Arctic: globally significant 139Alf Håkon Hoel7 The role of discourse analysis in understanding spatial systems 151E. Carina H. Keskitalo8 Soft governance in the Arctic 164Beate Steinveg, Svein Vigeland Rottem and Serafima Andreeva9 Arctic Mayors’ Forum: local governments in Arctic governance 175Iselin Németh Winther10 Private sustainability certification of Arctic fisheries: lessons from a large-scale and a small-scale fishery in the Northeast Atlantic 186Geir HønnelandPART II NATIONAL APPROACHES11 Canadian sovereignty versus northern security: critiquing the persistenceof Canada’s colonial mental map of the Arctic 213Lee-Anne Broadhead12 Inuit foreign policy and international relations in the Arctic 231Nadine C. Fabbi13 Where East and West collide? Amidst Russia’s military resurgence,America recalibrates its embrace of collaborative Arctic security 250Barry Scott Zellen14 Reluctant no more? The complexities of US Arctic security strategy 281Andreas Østhagen, Pavel Devyatkin and Lillian Hussong15 A strategic interest: understanding China’s Arctic approach 298Iselin Stensdal and Gørild Heggelund16 The European Union and the Arctic: a dedicated policy for a complexspace 314Andreas Raspotnik and Adam Stępieę17 Poland in the Arctic: assessing progress, prospects, and policy challenges 328Michał Łuszczuk18 Denmark’s Arctic awakening: how foreign and defence policy turnedNorth 341Marc Jacobsen and Jon Rahbek-Clemmensen19 Norway’s Delicate Arctic Balancing Act 356Andreas Østhagen20 Arctic research: actors, priorities and drivers at national and internationallevels 372Serafima Andreeva and Geir HønnelandPART III GEOPOLITICS21 Arctic geopolitics and international relations 409Andreas Østhagen22 A decolonial approach to Arctic security and sovereignty 426Gabriella Gricius23 Friends in need? Russo–Chinese cooperation in the Arctic 447Erdem Lamazhapov24 The death of Arctic exceptionalism? Russian-Western cooperation beforeand after the war in Ukraine 464Pavel Devyatkin25 Subsurface geopolitics: critical minerals, Greenlandic autonomy, and thegreen transition 482Mark Nuttall26 Ambiguity in the Arctic: the geopolitics of bases on Svalbard in the firsthalf of the twentieth century 495Olivia Wynne Houck27 Russia’s Northern Fleet and the Arctic: still (re)militarising? 513Jonas Kjellén28 NATO in the Arctic: misunderstood and misrepresented 533Alina Bykova, Paal Sigurd Hilde, Duncan Depledge, AndreasØsthagen and P. Whitney Lackenbauer