Edited by Nicolas Scelles, Reader in Sports Economics and Management, Department of People and Performance, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK, Argyro Elisavet Manoli, Associate Professor in Marketing and Management, Department of Management, Università degli studi di Bergamo, Italy, Anna-Maria Strittmatter, Associate Professor in Sport Management, School of Health Sciences, Örebro Universitet, Sweden and Paul Downward, Professor of Economics, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK

‘Rooted in Europe’s sport landscape, this outstanding Handbook unites leading scholars to offer rigorous, insightful, and policy-relevant perspectives. It delivers a timely and comprehensive account of the evolving sport system in Europe and its wider societal and policy implications — an indispensable resource for academics, policymakers, and practitioners.’

• Contents1 Introduction to the Research Handbook on Sport in Europe 1Nicolas Scelles, Argyro Elisavet Manoli, Anna-Maria Strittmatter andPaul DownwardPART I FOUNDATIONS OF SPORT IN EUROPE2 Organisation: European model of sport 11Wladimir Andreff and Nicolas Scelles3 Sports and EU law: The case of equestrianism 22Ester Herlin-Karnell4 Sport policy and politics in Europe 32Jürgen Mittag, Iain Lindsey and Till Müller-SchoellPART II PROTECTION OF THE INTEGRITY AND VALUES OF SPORT5 Safe environments in sport: Young athletes, safeguarding, and children’srights 46Serhat Yilmaz, Daniel J. A. Rhind and Susana Monserrat-Revillo6 Preventing doping in sport: Evidence, innovation, and policy in theEuropean context 56Despoina Ourda and Vassilis Barkoukis7 Life skills development and transfer of dual career athletes 68Hee Jung Hong8 Gender equality in sports in Europe: Current state and future challenges 79Natalia Organista9 Athletes’ rights and athletes’ human rights 90Mark James10 Governing sport in Europe 100Jean-Loup Chappelet11 The fight against the manipulation of sports competitions: The MacolinConvention 112Argyro Elisavet Manoli12 Exploring corporate social responsibility in European sports: Trends andfuture directions 122Pierre Léonard,Géraldine Zeimers and Jeroen ScheerderPART III SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSIONS OF SPORT13 Sport and the environment 134Christian Kraft, Katrin Scharfenkamp and Pamela Wicker14 Sport and the provision of facilities 144Svenja Feiler, Thomas Breuer and Christoph Breuer15 Key issues in sports mega-events research: Soft power, climate change andhealth 157Jonathan Grix, Paul Michael Brannagan and Thi My Le Le16 The European Union and geopolitics of sport: Toward a strategic role? 167Carole Gomez17 Valuing the contribution of sport in Europe 180Larissa Davies, Peter Taylor and Girish Ramchandani18 Sport management and policy in the era of COVID-19 194Nicolas Scelles and Argyro Elisavet Manoli19 Sport clusters: A triple bottom model for the sport economy? 205Anna GerkePART IV PROMOTION OF PARTICIPATION IN SPORT AND HEALTH-ENHANCING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY20 Sport and physical activity for all: The social impact of Teqball 218Jawad El Hajri and Nicolas Scelles21 Sport and physical activity for youth 231Anna-Maria Strittmatterand Susanna Geidne22 Promotion of sport and physical activity for older adults 242Karen Hancock23 Sport and physical activity for all genders and sexualities 253Birgit Braumüller and Ilse Hartmann-Tews24 The EU Work Plan for promoting health-enhancing physical activity andsport: Coming to terms with intersecting inequities 264Sine Agergaard and Verena Lenneis25 Sport for people who experience disability: Evidencing impact throughsocial return on investment (SROI) 271Nicolas Scelles, Yuhei Inoue, Seth Joseph Perkin and Maurizio Valenti26 Promoting physical activity through sport: A life-long approach tailoringspecific actions by age in the relevant settings 283Paul Downward and Cristina MunizPART V NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND SPORT27 Social media and consumer behaviour 291Andrea N. Geurin28 Challenges and stakes of the transition from traditional media to newplatforms in Europe 301Antoine Feuillet29 Big data and sport 312Nick Watanabe30 Metaverse in the sport industry: Potential and opportunities 321Metin Argan, Halime Dinç and Bülent Gürbüz31 Unlocking commercial opportunities and boosting participation: The roleof sports video games and NFTs in shaping the future of sports 334Joern Schlimm and Christoph Breuer32 The esportification of sports: The role of esports in the digitalization ofsports 347Tobias M. Scholz33 Conclusion to the Research Handbook on Sport in Europe 360Nicolas Scelles, Argyro Elisavet Manoli, Anna-Maria Strittmatter andPaul Downward

Edited by Nicolas Scelles, Reader in Sports Economics and Management, Department of People and Performance, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK, Argyro Elisavet Manoli, Associate Professor in Marketing and Management, Department of Management, Università degli studi di Bergamo, Italy, Anna-Maria Strittmatter, Associate Professor in Sport Management, School of Health Sciences, Örebro Universitet, Sweden and Paul Downward, Professor of Economics, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK

‘Rooted in Europe’s sport landscape, this outstanding Handbook unites leading scholars to offer rigorous, insightful, and policy-relevant perspectives. It delivers a timely and comprehensive account of the evolving sport system in Europe and its wider societal and policy implications — an indispensable resource for academics, policymakers, and practitioners.’

• Contents1 Introduction to the Research Handbook on Sport in Europe 1Nicolas Scelles, Argyro Elisavet Manoli, Anna-Maria Strittmatter andPaul DownwardPART I FOUNDATIONS OF SPORT IN EUROPE2 Organisation: European model of sport 11Wladimir Andreff and Nicolas Scelles3 Sports and EU law: The case of equestrianism 22Ester Herlin-Karnell4 Sport policy and politics in Europe 32Jürgen Mittag, Iain Lindsey and Till Müller-SchoellPART II PROTECTION OF THE INTEGRITY AND VALUES OF SPORT5 Safe environments in sport: Young athletes, safeguarding, and children’srights 46Serhat Yilmaz, Daniel J. A. Rhind and Susana Monserrat-Revillo6 Preventing doping in sport: Evidence, innovation, and policy in theEuropean context 56Despoina Ourda and Vassilis Barkoukis7 Life skills development and transfer of dual career athletes 68Hee Jung Hong8 Gender equality in sports in Europe: Current state and future challenges 79Natalia Organista9 Athletes’ rights and athletes’ human rights 90Mark James10 Governing sport in Europe 100Jean-Loup Chappelet11 The fight against the manipulation of sports competitions: The MacolinConvention 112Argyro Elisavet Manoli12 Exploring corporate social responsibility in European sports: Trends andfuture directions 122Pierre Léonard,Géraldine Zeimers and Jeroen ScheerderPART III SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSIONS OF SPORT13 Sport and the environment 134Christian Kraft, Katrin Scharfenkamp and Pamela Wicker14 Sport and the provision of facilities 144Svenja Feiler, Thomas Breuer and Christoph Breuer15 Key issues in sports mega-events research: Soft power, climate change andhealth 157Jonathan Grix, Paul Michael Brannagan and Thi My Le Le16 The European Union and geopolitics of sport: Toward a strategic role? 167Carole Gomez17 Valuing the contribution of sport in Europe 180Larissa Davies, Peter Taylor and Girish Ramchandani18 Sport management and policy in the era of COVID-19 194Nicolas Scelles and Argyro Elisavet Manoli19 Sport clusters: A triple bottom model for the sport economy? 205Anna GerkePART IV PROMOTION OF PARTICIPATION IN SPORT AND HEALTH-ENHANCING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY20 Sport and physical activity for all: The social impact of Teqball 218Jawad El Hajri and Nicolas Scelles21 Sport and physical activity for youth 231Anna-Maria Strittmatterand Susanna Geidne22 Promotion of sport and physical activity for older adults 242Karen Hancock23 Sport and physical activity for all genders and sexualities 253Birgit Braumüller and Ilse Hartmann-Tews24 The EU Work Plan for promoting health-enhancing physical activity andsport: Coming to terms with intersecting inequities 264Sine Agergaard and Verena Lenneis25 Sport for people who experience disability: Evidencing impact throughsocial return on investment (SROI) 271Nicolas Scelles, Yuhei Inoue, Seth Joseph Perkin and Maurizio Valenti26 Promoting physical activity through sport: A life-long approach tailoringspecific actions by age in the relevant settings 283Paul Downward and Cristina MunizPART V NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND SPORT27 Social media and consumer behaviour 291Andrea N. Geurin28 Challenges and stakes of the transition from traditional media to newplatforms in Europe 301Antoine Feuillet29 Big data and sport 312Nick Watanabe30 Metaverse in the sport industry: Potential and opportunities 321Metin Argan, Halime Dinç and Bülent Gürbüz31 Unlocking commercial opportunities and boosting participation: The roleof sports video games and NFTs in shaping the future of sports 334Joern Schlimm and Christoph Breuer32 The esportification of sports: The role of esports in the digitalization ofsports 347Tobias M. Scholz33 Conclusion to the Research Handbook on Sport in Europe 360Nicolas Scelles, Argyro Elisavet Manoli, Anna-Maria Strittmatter andPaul Downward

Edited by Nicolas Scelles, Reader in Sports Economics and Management, Department of People and Performance, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK, Argyro Elisavet Manoli, Associate Professor in Marketing and Management, Department of Management, Università degli studi di Bergamo, Italy, Anna-Maria Strittmatter, Associate Professor in Sport Management, School of Health Sciences, Örebro Universitet, Sweden and Paul Downward, Professor of Economics, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK

‘Rooted in Europe’s sport landscape, this outstanding Handbook unites leading scholars to offer rigorous, insightful, and policy-relevant perspectives. It delivers a timely and comprehensive account of the evolving sport system in Europe and its wider societal and policy implications — an indispensable resource for academics, policymakers, and practitioners.’

• Contents1 Introduction to the Research Handbook on Sport in Europe 1Nicolas Scelles, Argyro Elisavet Manoli, Anna-Maria Strittmatter andPaul DownwardPART I FOUNDATIONS OF SPORT IN EUROPE2 Organisation: European model of sport 11Wladimir Andreff and Nicolas Scelles3 Sports and EU law: The case of equestrianism 22Ester Herlin-Karnell4 Sport policy and politics in Europe 32Jürgen Mittag, Iain Lindsey and Till Müller-SchoellPART II PROTECTION OF THE INTEGRITY AND VALUES OF SPORT5 Safe environments in sport: Young athletes, safeguarding, and children’srights 46Serhat Yilmaz, Daniel J. A. Rhind and Susana Monserrat-Revillo6 Preventing doping in sport: Evidence, innovation, and policy in theEuropean context 56Despoina Ourda and Vassilis Barkoukis7 Life skills development and transfer of dual career athletes 68Hee Jung Hong8 Gender equality in sports in Europe: Current state and future challenges 79Natalia Organista9 Athletes’ rights and athletes’ human rights 90Mark James10 Governing sport in Europe 100Jean-Loup Chappelet11 The fight against the manipulation of sports competitions: The MacolinConvention 112Argyro Elisavet Manoli12 Exploring corporate social responsibility in European sports: Trends andfuture directions 122Pierre Léonard,Géraldine Zeimers and Jeroen ScheerderPART III SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSIONS OF SPORT13 Sport and the environment 134Christian Kraft, Katrin Scharfenkamp and Pamela Wicker14 Sport and the provision of facilities 144Svenja Feiler, Thomas Breuer and Christoph Breuer15 Key issues in sports mega-events research: Soft power, climate change andhealth 157Jonathan Grix, Paul Michael Brannagan and Thi My Le Le16 The European Union and geopolitics of sport: Toward a strategic role? 167Carole Gomez17 Valuing the contribution of sport in Europe 180Larissa Davies, Peter Taylor and Girish Ramchandani18 Sport management and policy in the era of COVID-19 194Nicolas Scelles and Argyro Elisavet Manoli19 Sport clusters: A triple bottom model for the sport economy? 205Anna GerkePART IV PROMOTION OF PARTICIPATION IN SPORT AND HEALTH-ENHANCING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY20 Sport and physical activity for all: The social impact of Teqball 218Jawad El Hajri and Nicolas Scelles21 Sport and physical activity for youth 231Anna-Maria Strittmatterand Susanna Geidne22 Promotion of sport and physical activity for older adults 242Karen Hancock23 Sport and physical activity for all genders and sexualities 253Birgit Braumüller and Ilse Hartmann-Tews24 The EU Work Plan for promoting health-enhancing physical activity andsport: Coming to terms with intersecting inequities 264Sine Agergaard and Verena Lenneis25 Sport for people who experience disability: Evidencing impact throughsocial return on investment (SROI) 271Nicolas Scelles, Yuhei Inoue, Seth Joseph Perkin and Maurizio Valenti26 Promoting physical activity through sport: A life-long approach tailoringspecific actions by age in the relevant settings 283Paul Downward and Cristina MunizPART V NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND SPORT27 Social media and consumer behaviour 291Andrea N. Geurin28 Challenges and stakes of the transition from traditional media to newplatforms in Europe 301Antoine Feuillet29 Big data and sport 312Nick Watanabe30 Metaverse in the sport industry: Potential and opportunities 321Metin Argan, Halime Dinç and Bülent Gürbüz31 Unlocking commercial opportunities and boosting participation: The roleof sports video games and NFTs in shaping the future of sports 334Joern Schlimm and Christoph Breuer32 The esportification of sports: The role of esports in the digitalization ofsports 347Tobias M. Scholz33 Conclusion to the Research Handbook on Sport in Europe 360Nicolas Scelles, Argyro Elisavet Manoli, Anna-Maria Strittmatter andPaul Downward