Edited by Rita Guerreiro Teixeira, Assistant Professor of Public International Law, Utrecht University, the Netherlands, Marianna Karttunen, Acting Deputy Head, Open, Innovative and Digital Government Division, OECD Public Governance Directorate, France, Axel Marx, Deputy Director, Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, KU Leuven and Jan Wouters, Full Professor of International Law and International Organizations, Jean Monnet Chair ad personam EU and Global Governance, and Director of the Institute for International Law and Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, KU Leuven, Belgium

‘Inclusive Rule-Making by International Organisations is a must read for all international law practitioners. With new actors, new forms of participation and negotiations, international law is not–and cannot be anymore–the sole prerogative of states and international organisations. This is the main message from this stimulating book.’

• Contents1 Inclusive rule-making by international organisations: Settingthe scene 1Rita Guerreiro Teixeira, Marianna Karttunen, AïdaRahmouni, Axel Marx and Jan WoutersPART I STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT: OPPORTUNITIESAND CHALLENGES FOR INTERNATIONALORGANISATIONS2 Stakeholder engagement and media perception amonginternational organisations 19Ángel Saz-Carranza, Xavier Fernández-i-Marín, MariannaKarttunen and Juan N. García-Nieto3 Beyond participation: Meaningful engagement of non-stateactors in international organisations – lessons learnt from theprocess to strengthen observer engagement in the UNFCCC 49Emma Bertipaglia and Hayley Walker4 Rule-making in the African Union: Current challenges andthe way forward 83Femi Amao, Michele Olivier and Konstantinos D. MagliverasPART II ENGAGEMENT WITH PRIVATE ACTORS5 Private sector participants in international rule-making:Governance models 108Melissa J. Durkee6 How should IOs engage with the private actors in globalclimate and energy governance? 134Kaho Yu, Xinchuchu Gao and Xuechen Chen7 The involvement of private actors in transnational rulemaking: The case of securities regulation 154Antonio MarcacciPART III CIVIL SOCIETY AND CITIZENS’ PARTICIPATION8 Citizen participation in regional organisations: Perspectivesfrom their founding treaties 177María Rodríguez Alcázar9 Informal institutions and formalised non-state actorengagement: Analysing G7 and G20 outreach processes 223Diane Schumann10 Digital public consultations: Lessons from the European Union 244Kseniia Soloveva, Keith Prushankin, Hasan Akintug,Florence Felsheim, Carolina Gerli, Nathalie Koubayova,Cyprian Liske, Claudia Negri Ribalta and Jan Karol Farfal11 Inclusive rule-making by international organisations: Lessonslearned and persisting challenges 275Rita Guerreiro Teixeira, Marianna Karttunen, Axel Marxand Jan Wouters

Edited by Rita Guerreiro Teixeira, Assistant Professor of Public International Law, Utrecht University, the Netherlands, Marianna Karttunen, Acting Deputy Head, Open, Innovative and Digital Government Division, OECD Public Governance Directorate, France, Axel Marx, Deputy Director, Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, KU Leuven and Jan Wouters, Full Professor of International Law and International Organizations, Jean Monnet Chair ad personam EU and Global Governance, and Director of the Institute for International Law and Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, KU Leuven, Belgium

‘Inclusive Rule-Making by International Organisations is a must read for all international law practitioners. With new actors, new forms of participation and negotiations, international law is not–and cannot be anymore–the sole prerogative of states and international organisations. This is the main message from this stimulating book.’

• Contents1 Inclusive rule-making by international organisations: Settingthe scene 1Rita Guerreiro Teixeira, Marianna Karttunen, AïdaRahmouni, Axel Marx and Jan WoutersPART I STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT: OPPORTUNITIESAND CHALLENGES FOR INTERNATIONALORGANISATIONS2 Stakeholder engagement and media perception amonginternational organisations 19Ángel Saz-Carranza, Xavier Fernández-i-Marín, MariannaKarttunen and Juan N. García-Nieto3 Beyond participation: Meaningful engagement of non-stateactors in international organisations – lessons learnt from theprocess to strengthen observer engagement in the UNFCCC 49Emma Bertipaglia and Hayley Walker4 Rule-making in the African Union: Current challenges andthe way forward 83Femi Amao, Michele Olivier and Konstantinos D. MagliverasPART II ENGAGEMENT WITH PRIVATE ACTORS5 Private sector participants in international rule-making:Governance models 108Melissa J. Durkee6 How should IOs engage with the private actors in globalclimate and energy governance? 134Kaho Yu, Xinchuchu Gao and Xuechen Chen7 The involvement of private actors in transnational rulemaking: The case of securities regulation 154Antonio MarcacciPART III CIVIL SOCIETY AND CITIZENS’ PARTICIPATION8 Citizen participation in regional organisations: Perspectivesfrom their founding treaties 177María Rodríguez Alcázar9 Informal institutions and formalised non-state actorengagement: Analysing G7 and G20 outreach processes 223Diane Schumann10 Digital public consultations: Lessons from the European Union 244Kseniia Soloveva, Keith Prushankin, Hasan Akintug,Florence Felsheim, Carolina Gerli, Nathalie Koubayova,Cyprian Liske, Claudia Negri Ribalta and Jan Karol Farfal11 Inclusive rule-making by international organisations: Lessonslearned and persisting challenges 275Rita Guerreiro Teixeira, Marianna Karttunen, Axel Marxand Jan Wouters

Edited by Rita Guerreiro Teixeira, Assistant Professor of Public International Law, Utrecht University, the Netherlands, Marianna Karttunen, Acting Deputy Head, Open, Innovative and Digital Government Division, OECD Public Governance Directorate, France, Axel Marx, Deputy Director, Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, KU Leuven and Jan Wouters, Full Professor of International Law and International Organizations, Jean Monnet Chair ad personam EU and Global Governance, and Director of the Institute for International Law and Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, KU Leuven, Belgium

‘Inclusive Rule-Making by International Organisations is a must read for all international law practitioners. With new actors, new forms of participation and negotiations, international law is not–and cannot be anymore–the sole prerogative of states and international organisations. This is the main message from this stimulating book.’

• Contents1 Inclusive rule-making by international organisations: Settingthe scene 1Rita Guerreiro Teixeira, Marianna Karttunen, AïdaRahmouni, Axel Marx and Jan WoutersPART I STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT: OPPORTUNITIESAND CHALLENGES FOR INTERNATIONALORGANISATIONS2 Stakeholder engagement and media perception amonginternational organisations 19Ángel Saz-Carranza, Xavier Fernández-i-Marín, MariannaKarttunen and Juan N. García-Nieto3 Beyond participation: Meaningful engagement of non-stateactors in international organisations – lessons learnt from theprocess to strengthen observer engagement in the UNFCCC 49Emma Bertipaglia and Hayley Walker4 Rule-making in the African Union: Current challenges andthe way forward 83Femi Amao, Michele Olivier and Konstantinos D. MagliverasPART II ENGAGEMENT WITH PRIVATE ACTORS5 Private sector participants in international rule-making:Governance models 108Melissa J. Durkee6 How should IOs engage with the private actors in globalclimate and energy governance? 134Kaho Yu, Xinchuchu Gao and Xuechen Chen7 The involvement of private actors in transnational rulemaking: The case of securities regulation 154Antonio MarcacciPART III CIVIL SOCIETY AND CITIZENS’ PARTICIPATION8 Citizen participation in regional organisations: Perspectivesfrom their founding treaties 177María Rodríguez Alcázar9 Informal institutions and formalised non-state actorengagement: Analysing G7 and G20 outreach processes 223Diane Schumann10 Digital public consultations: Lessons from the European Union 244Kseniia Soloveva, Keith Prushankin, Hasan Akintug,Florence Felsheim, Carolina Gerli, Nathalie Koubayova,Cyprian Liske, Claudia Negri Ribalta and Jan Karol Farfal11 Inclusive rule-making by international organisations: Lessonslearned and persisting challenges 275Rita Guerreiro Teixeira, Marianna Karttunen, Axel Marxand Jan Wouters