Climate Finance in Africa and Developing Countries

Meseret Dawit Teweldebrihan is an advisor, climate, and adaptation expert working in multi-sectoral environments for more than ten years. She is an independent researcher and has taken leadership in different climate relevant projects for more than seven years. Dr. Meseret has solid experience inturning the most challenging experiences into the best achievements of her professional career to benefit her community. She works as a consultant and is involved in different projects. Dr. Meseret’s work is mainly on climate change with gender-sensitive, hydrology, irrigation optimization, socio-hydrology, hydraulic engineering, GIS, land and water development, and related fields. Meseret’s PhD thesis dissertation titled “Optimizing Irrigation Efficiency of Surface-Groundwater with respect to Climate Change and Gender-Sensitive,” and MSc degree in Water Science Engineering (specialization in Hydraulic Engineering Land and Water Development) from the UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, in 2014. She obtained a BSc degree in Soil and Water Engineering and Management from Haramaya University, Ethiopia, in 2011. She has published more than 24 journal articles in accredited publications.Megersa Olumana Dinka is a graduate with a PhD from the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Science (Vienna) in 2010. He also did postdoctoral research at Tshwane University of Technology (2012–2014). He has an MSc in Irrigation Engineering from Arba Minch University (Ethiopia). He has more than 18 years of experience as an academician and about 22 years of experience as a researcher. Currently, he is the Full Professor and Head of the Department of Civil Engineering Science at University of Johannesburg. He has expert knowledge in water resource engineering discipline specific to hydrology, hydraulics, and water management aspects. He has taught various courses and modules at undergraduate and postgraduate levels successfully. Currently, he is teaching hydrology, hydraulics, and water treatment technology modules at the University of Johannesburg. Moreover, he also supervised a number of postgraduate students (32 MSc and 10 PhD) successfully. He has published more than 70 journal articles, 2 books, 10 book chapters, and 20 conference proceedings in accredited publications.

• ContentsPreface ixAcknowledgements xiAbout the Authors xiiiAcronyms xv1 Introduction to the Climate Change and Climate Financing 11.1 Introduction to Climate Finance in the Globe 11.1.1 The Global Landscape of Climate Vulnerabilityand Climate Finance Options 21.2 Introduction to the Climate Finance in Africa andDeveloping Countries 31.2.1 Overview of Climate Change and Climate Finance 81.2.2 Global Warming/Climate Change: AnIncreasing Threat 91.2.3 Building Resilience through Climate Finance 141.2.4 Africa’s Climate Finance Challenge: A FundingGap Threatens Progress 151.2.5 Challenges Hinder Africa’s Access to ClimateFinance 171.2.6 The Urgency of Bridging the Climate FinanceGap in Africa 191.3 Conclusion 202 The Landscape of Climate Financing in Africa 252.1 Introduction 252.2 Climate Vulnerability 262.3 Financial Flows for Climate Action: A Broader Perspective 292.3.1 Challenges in Estimating Climate Finance Flows 292.4 The LDF 312.4.1 The Power of Money and Measurement inCombating Climate Change 342.4.2 Value Chains for Sustainable ForestManagement: The Power of Directives andGuidelines 342.5 Climate Action in Africa 352.6 Climate Finance Mechanisms in Africa andDeveloping Countries 392.6.1 Climate Finance Flow and Accountability 402.6.2 Climate Fund Disbursement Rates 412.6.3 Completion Rate of Climate Finance Projects 422.7 Conclusion 433 Status Quo of African Countries on Climate Financing 473.1 Introduction 473.2 Ratification of Global Environmental Agreements 493.3 Framework for Climate-Resilient Health: PrioritizingPeople and Equity 503.4 Implementation of National Policies and Strategies 513.5 Ambition and Plans on Climate Financing the Case ofEthiopia 523.5.1 Climate Change Threatens Ethiopia’sMiddle-Income Goals 523.5.2 Ethiopia’s Ambitious Climate Action Plan 533.5.3 The Need of Building Technical Capacity forClimate Finance Mobilization 563.6 Climate Finance Project Implementation and Tracking 573.6.1 Climate Change Adaptation ProjectMonitoring and Tracking 593.6.2 Climate Change Mitigation ProjectsMonitoring and Tracking 603.6.3 Public and Private Climate Finance ProjectsTracking and Follow-Ups 643.7 Conclusion 654 The Capacity of Climate Financing in Africa 694.1 Introduction 694.2 Climate Response Facility in Africa 704.3 The Opportunities and Challenges 704.4 Climate Financing in Africa 734.4.1 Barriers to Climate Fund Access: ProposalIssues for Africa’s Development 734.4.2 Climate Financed Project Application Guides 744.4.3 Structures and Procedures for Climate FinanceProject Applications 754.4.4 Building Capacity for Effective Climate Financein Africa 764.4.5 Guides and Support for Successful ClimateNegotiations 784.5 The Milestones Made and the Hindrances 794.5.1 COP 28: A Mixed Bag of Financial Commitments 804.5.2 The COP28 Outcomes 824.5.3 The COP29 Outcomes and Expectations 834.6 Conclusion 845 Climate Financing Case Studies 885.1 Introduction 885.2 The Strengths and Weaknesses of Climate ChangeMitigation and Adaptation 895.3 How Different Technologies Used to FacilitateClimate Finance 915.4 Gender and Marginalized Groups’ Contribution toClimate Finance 955.5 Climate Finance Mechanisms Focusing in Africa andDeveloping Countries 985.6 Overview and Impacts of Climate Finance Projects in Africa 995.7 Conclusion 1016 Recommendation and Future Perspectives in Effective Climate Financing 1056.1 Recommendations 1056.2 Effective Climate Funding 1106.3 Future Perspectives 112Index 116