Environmental Movements of India

Krishna Mallick is Professor Emerita of Philosophy at Salem State University. She has co-edited two books along with Dr. Doris Hunter: An Anthology of Nonviolence: Historical and Contemporary Voices (Greenwood Press, 2002) and Nonviolence: A Reader in the Ethics of Action (University Press of America and Gandhi Peace Foundation, 1990). She has also published several articles on environmental issues in India. Her research interests are in the interdisciplinary area of philosophy, women’s studies, peace studies, and environmental studies.

• Acknowledgments, Foreword (Frances Moore Lappé), Glossary, Introduction: Three Grassroots Movements That Made a Global Impact, Principles of Environmental Philosophy, (1) Environmental Justice, (2) Intergenerational Equality, (3) Respect for Nature, 1 Historical and Cultural Contexts in India, 1.1 'Legal' Destruction of India's Forests, 1.1.1 Acts Spark Peasant Protests, 1.2 A Cultural Leader Emerges, 1.2.1 Nonviolence and Gandhi's Truth, 1.2.2 How Chipko Followed Hinduism through Gandhi, 1.2.3 How NBA Followed Hinduism through Gandhi, 1.2.4 How Navdanya Followed Hinduism through Gandhi, 1.2.5 Ecology and Social Justice, 1.3 Conclusion, 2 Chipko (Hug the Trees) Movement, 2.1 A Physical Act of Survival, 2.1.1 Sacred Texts and Social Justice, 2.2 Preconditions and Formation of the Chipko Movement, 2.2.1 Workers Organize for Nonviolent Action, 2.2.2 Suffering by Means of Fasting and Foot March, 2.3 Laudable Leaders, 2.3.1 Women's Role in the Chipko Movement, 2.4 Critical Reception of the Chipko Movement, 2.4.1 Questions about Chipko's Popularity and Success, 2.5 Conclusion, 3 Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA): Save the Narmada, 3.1 The Common Good in a Cost-Benefit Analysis, 3.1.1 A Recursive History of Dam-Building, 3.2 Regional Tensions from the Start, 3.2.1 Amid Unrest, NGOs Align to Form NBA, 3.2.2 National and Global Ramifications, 3.3 Gender and the Narmada Case, 3.3.1 Roles for Displaced Women, 3.4 Gendered Dimensions of Neoliberal Capitalist Development, 3.5 Reasons for the Success of the NBA, 3.6 Conclusion, 4 Navdanya (Nine Seeds) Movement, 4.1 The Terrible Human Toll of GM Crops, 4.1.1 Shifting Economics, 4.2 Emergence of Anti-GM Movements, 4.2.1 KRRS: Fiery Fields of Protest, 4.2.2 Gene Campaign: Secure Food and Climate, 4.2.3 Navdanya's Holistic Approach, 4.3 Food Sovereignty, 4.3.1 Biodiverse Organic Farming, 4.4 Biodiversity and Climate Change, 4.4.1 Entrepreneurial Renewal, 4.5 Navdanya and Social Justice, 4.5.1 Civil Disobedience, 4.5.2 Human Right to Food, 4.5.3 Protecting the Global South, 4.6 Shiva's View of Earth Democracy, 4.7 Genetically Modified Crops and the Future, 4.8 Conclusion, 5 Moral Implications of Environmental Movements, 5.1 The Mesmerizing Power of Nonviolence, 5.1.1 An Ecological Warrior, 5.1.2 Truth at All Costs, 5.2 Defining Views of Globalism, 5.2.1 Technological Prowess, 5.3 Core Values of Development Ethics, 5.3.1 Environmental Justice for All, 5.4 Ecofeminism: Ethics of Mutual Care and Connection, 5.4.1 Ecofeminist Roots in the Chipko Movement, 5.4.2 Southern Materialist Ecofeminism, 5.5 Conclusion, 6 Hindu Ethics and Ecology, 6.1 Historical Background of Hinduism, 6.2 Comparison of Hindu Dharma and Ethics in the West, 6.2.1 The Gita and Dharma, 6.2.2 The Ramayana and Dharma, 6.2.3 The Yogasutra and Dharma, 6.3 Hindu Dharma, Ecology, and Sustainability, 6.3.1 Hindu Dharma and Applications in Ecologically Sustainable Development, 6.4 Ways Hindus Connect to Nature, 6.5 Influence of Symbolic Traditions on Some Environmental Cases, 6.6 Is Hinduism Eco-Friendly?, 6.7 Influence of Hinduism and Other Literature on Gandhi, 6.8 Conclusion, Conclusion: The Symbiosis of Natural Resources and Local Needs, Theoretical Views of the Global South, Global Environmental Theory, Feminist Care Ethics, The Capabilities Approach, Ethics of Nonviolence, Index.