Award-winning author Brigadier-General (Retired) Ken Watkin served 28 years as a Canadian Forces Legal Officer, including four years (2006-2010) as the Judge Advocate General.

• Figures and TablesForewordIntroductionAbbreviationsAuthorities and Restrictions on Spies and Saboteurs1. The Authority to Spy: Parsing Legal Thresholds Applicable to Espionage2. Legal Constraints on Intelligence Activities in Armed Conflict and Occupation3. The Origins of Regulating Non-Lethal Covert Activities in Armed Conflict4. Defining Sabotage5. Collection of Intelligence and the Exercise of State Self-Defence6. Intelligence, Targeting, and the Principle of Distinction7. Intelligence Activities and the Law of Neutrality8. Sabotage in Occupied Territory: From Applicable Law to State Practice9. Civilians Engaged in Intelligence Operations During a Time of ConflictEspionage and Sabotage in Modern Domains of Conflict10. Information Gathering from the Air11. Espionage and Sabotage in Outer Space12. There's an App for That: Applying International Law to "Cybionage" and "Cybotage" Activities on the Road to War13. Maintaining the Speed of Relevance: AI- Derived Intelligence in Military Decision Support Processes14. Information Gathering from the BrainProtection and Accountability for Espionage and Sabotage15. States' Human Rights Obligations Towards Civilian Spies and Saboteurs in Armed Conflicts16. The Recruitment of Human Sources in Modern Conflict17. Spies Like Us: Reconsidering the Status of Spies Under International Humanitarian Law18. Resisting Abuses of Spyware in Peace and War Through Civil LitigationGlossaryContributors

Award-winning author Brigadier-General (Retired) Ken Watkin served 28 years as a Canadian Forces Legal Officer, including four years (2006-2010) as the Judge Advocate General.

• Figures and TablesForewordIntroductionAbbreviationsAuthorities and Restrictions on Spies and Saboteurs1. The Authority to Spy: Parsing Legal Thresholds Applicable to Espionage2. Legal Constraints on Intelligence Activities in Armed Conflict and Occupation3. The Origins of Regulating Non-Lethal Covert Activities in Armed Conflict4. Defining Sabotage5. Collection of Intelligence and the Exercise of State Self-Defence6. Intelligence, Targeting, and the Principle of Distinction7. Intelligence Activities and the Law of Neutrality8. Sabotage in Occupied Territory: From Applicable Law to State Practice9. Civilians Engaged in Intelligence Operations During a Time of ConflictEspionage and Sabotage in Modern Domains of Conflict10. Information Gathering from the Air11. Espionage and Sabotage in Outer Space12. There's an App for That: Applying International Law to "Cybionage" and "Cybotage" Activities on the Road to War13. Maintaining the Speed of Relevance: AI- Derived Intelligence in Military Decision Support Processes14. Information Gathering from the BrainProtection and Accountability for Espionage and Sabotage15. States' Human Rights Obligations Towards Civilian Spies and Saboteurs in Armed Conflicts16. The Recruitment of Human Sources in Modern Conflict17. Spies Like Us: Reconsidering the Status of Spies Under International Humanitarian Law18. Resisting Abuses of Spyware in Peace and War Through Civil LitigationGlossaryContributors

Award-winning author Brigadier-General (Retired) Ken Watkin served 28 years as a Canadian Forces Legal Officer, including four years (2006-2010) as the Judge Advocate General.

• Figures and TablesForewordIntroductionAbbreviationsAuthorities and Restrictions on Spies and Saboteurs1. The Authority to Spy: Parsing Legal Thresholds Applicable to Espionage2. Legal Constraints on Intelligence Activities in Armed Conflict and Occupation3. The Origins of Regulating Non-Lethal Covert Activities in Armed Conflict4. Defining Sabotage5. Collection of Intelligence and the Exercise of State Self-Defence6. Intelligence, Targeting, and the Principle of Distinction7. Intelligence Activities and the Law of Neutrality8. Sabotage in Occupied Territory: From Applicable Law to State Practice9. Civilians Engaged in Intelligence Operations During a Time of ConflictEspionage and Sabotage in Modern Domains of Conflict10. Information Gathering from the Air11. Espionage and Sabotage in Outer Space12. There's an App for That: Applying International Law to "Cybionage" and "Cybotage" Activities on the Road to War13. Maintaining the Speed of Relevance: AI- Derived Intelligence in Military Decision Support Processes14. Information Gathering from the BrainProtection and Accountability for Espionage and Sabotage15. States' Human Rights Obligations Towards Civilian Spies and Saboteurs in Armed Conflicts16. The Recruitment of Human Sources in Modern Conflict17. Spies Like Us: Reconsidering the Status of Spies Under International Humanitarian Law18. Resisting Abuses of Spyware in Peace and War Through Civil LitigationGlossaryContributors