Pedro Lains was a Senior Research Professor at Universidade de Lisboa. He was the author of An Economic History of Portugal (2016), A History of Public Banking in Portugal in the 19th and 20th Centuries (2021) and editor of An Agrarian History of Portugal (2017). He was president of the Portuguese Economic and Social History Association from 2003-2007. Leonor Freire Costa is Professor in Economic History at the ISEG, University of Lisbon. She has published articles on Portugal's economic and financial history in the early modern period. Together with Pedro Lains and Susana Miranda she authored An Economic History of Portugal (2016). Regina Grafe is Professor of Early Modern History at the European University Institute in Florence. She is a global economic and social historian who has published widely on the political economy of Spain and the Spanish Empire including Distant Tyranny: Markets, Power and Backwardness in Spain, 1650-1800 (2012). Alfonso Herranz-Loncán is Professor of Economic History at the University of Barcelona. He has published articles on the history of transport, infrastructure, public policies, market integration and economic growth in Spain and Latin America during the 19th and 20th centuries. David Igual-Luis is Professor in Medieval History at the University of Castilla-La Mancha. He is a specialist on Social and Economic History. His previous publications include his collaborations in the collective volumes The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade around Europe, 1300-1600 (2017), Social Mobility in Medieval Italy, 1100-1500 (2018) and Faire son marché au Moyen Âge. Méditerranée occidentale, XIIIe-XVIe siècle (2018). Vicente Pinilla is Professor in Economic History at the University of Zaragoza and researcher at the Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragon. His previous publications include Wine Globalization (2018), Agricultural Development in the World Periphery: A Global Economic History Approach (2018) and Natural Resources and Economic Growth: Learning from History (2015). Hermínia Vasconcelos Vilar is Professor of Medieval History at the University of Évora. She is author of articles and book chapters on political and economic structures, social mobility and political legitimation in the Iberian kingdoms of the late middle ages.

'Pedro Lains's concern for the economic history of Iberia goes back almost forty years, to the first conference comparing Italy, Portugal, and Spain held in Seville in 1984. He dedicated his academic life to expand and deepen the comparison. This volume, a landmark in comparative history to which leading scholars in the field contributed, is the culmination of that intellectual project.' Leandro Prados de la Escosura, Universidad Carlos III

• Preface: By way of presentation Pedro Lains; Introduction Leonor Freire Costa, Regina Grafe, Alfonso Herranz-Loncán, David Igual Luis, Vicente Pinilla and Herminia Vasconcelos Vilar; Part I. The Making of Iberia, 700–1500 David Igual Luis and Hermínia Vasconcelos Vilar; Section I. The Early Middle Ages, 700–1200: 1. Muslim and Christian polities, 700–1200 Hermenegildo Fernandes and Flocel Sabaté; Section II. The Medieval Economy, 1000–1500: 2. Production, 1000–1500 María Asenjo-González and Antoni Furió; 3. Population, 1000–1500 Luís Miguel Duarte, Ignacio Álvarez Borge and Mario Lafuente Gómez; 4. The polity, 1000–1500 Maria Helena Coelho, Francisco Franco-Sánchez, Jesús Ángel Solórzano Telechea and Hermínia Vasconcelos Vilar; 5. Money, credit and banking, 1000–1500 David Carvajal, António Henriques and Pere Verdés; 6. Technology, 1000–1500 Arnaldo Sousa Melo, Germán Navarro Espinach and Ricardo Córdoba de la Llave; 7. Living standards, 1000–1500 Hipolito Rafael Oliva Herrer, Pere Benito i Monclús and Isabel dos Guimarães Sá; 8. International trade and commerce, 1000–1500 Hilario Casado Alonso, David Igual Luis, Flaìvio Miranda and Joana Sequeira; 9. The Iberian economy in global perspective, 700–1500 Jeff Fynn-Paul; Part II. Globalization and Enlightenment (1500–1800): 10. Patterns of Iberian economic growth in the early modern period Nuno Palma and Carlos Santiago-Caballero; 11. Population of Iberian peninsula in the early modern period: a comparative and regional perspective Andreia Durães and Vicente Pérez Moreda; 12. Institutions and policy (1500–1800) Mafalda Soares da Cunha, Francisco Gil Montes and Ana Sofia Ribeiro; 13. Early modern financial development in the Iberian Peninsula Leonor Freire Costa, Susana Münch Miranda and Pilar Nogues Marco; 14. Science, knowledge and technology, 1500-1800 Carlos Alvarez-Nogal, Alejandro García-Montón, and Pedro Lains; 15. Living standards, inequality, and consumption (1500–1800) Esteban Nicolini, Fernanda Olival and Fernando Ramos-Palencia; 16. Trade and the colonial economies, 1500–1828 Cátia Antunes, Regina Grafe and Xabier Lamikiz; 17. The economic history of Iberia in a wider context, 1500–1800 Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla; Part III. Industrialization and Catching-Up, 1800–2000 Alfonso Herranz-Loncán and Vicente Pinilla: 18. Economic growth and the spatial distribution of income, 1800–2000 Alfonso Herranz-Loncán, M. Teresa Sanchis-Llopis and Daniel A. Tirado-Fabregat; 19. Population growth, composition, and educational levels Amélia Branco and Fernando Collantes; 20. Economic policies and institutions José Luís Cardoso and Francisco Comín; 21. Iberian financial system, 1800–2000 Pablo Martín-Aceña and Rita Martins de Sousa; 22. Economic growth and structural change in the Iberian economies, 1800–2000 Luciano Amaral, Concha Betrán and Vicente Pinilla; 23. Living standards in Iberia, 1800–2010 Alfonso Díez-Minguela, Jordi Guilera and Julio Martinez-Galarraga; 24. Iberian globalization and catching up in the poor South European periphery. 1830–2010 Antonio Tena-Junguito, Giovanni Federico and Ester G. Silva; 25. The Iberian economy in comparative perspective, 1800–2000 Stephen Broadberry and Rui Pedro Esteves.

Pedro Lains was a Senior Research Professor at Universidade de Lisboa. He was the author of An Economic History of Portugal (2016), A History of Public Banking in Portugal in the 19th and 20th Centuries (2021) and editor of An Agrarian History of Portugal (2017). He was president of the Portuguese Economic and Social History Association from 2003-2007. Leonor Freire Costa is Professor in Economic History at the ISEG, University of Lisbon. She has published articles on Portugal's economic and financial history in the early modern period. Together with Pedro Lains and Susana Miranda she authored An Economic History of Portugal (2016). Regina Grafe is Professor of Early Modern History at the European University Institute in Florence. She is a global economic and social historian who has published widely on the political economy of Spain and the Spanish Empire including Distant Tyranny: Markets, Power and Backwardness in Spain, 1650-1800 (2012). Alfonso Herranz-Loncán is Professor of Economic History at the University of Barcelona. He has published articles on the history of transport, infrastructure, public policies, market integration and economic growth in Spain and Latin America during the 19th and 20th centuries. David Igual-Luis is Professor in Medieval History at the University of Castilla-La Mancha. He is a specialist on Social and Economic History. His previous publications include his collaborations in the collective volumes The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade around Europe, 1300-1600 (2017), Social Mobility in Medieval Italy, 1100-1500 (2018) and Faire son marché au Moyen Âge. Méditerranée occidentale, XIIIe-XVIe siècle (2018). Vicente Pinilla is Professor in Economic History at the University of Zaragoza and researcher at the Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragon. His previous publications include Wine Globalization (2018), Agricultural Development in the World Periphery: A Global Economic History Approach (2018) and Natural Resources and Economic Growth: Learning from History (2015). Hermínia Vasconcelos Vilar is Professor of Medieval History at the University of Évora. She is author of articles and book chapters on political and economic structures, social mobility and political legitimation in the Iberian kingdoms of the late middle ages.

'Pedro Lains's concern for the economic history of Iberia goes back almost forty years, to the first conference comparing Italy, Portugal, and Spain held in Seville in 1984. He dedicated his academic life to expand and deepen the comparison. This volume, a landmark in comparative history to which leading scholars in the field contributed, is the culmination of that intellectual project.' Leandro Prados de la Escosura, Universidad Carlos III

• Preface: By way of presentation Pedro Lains; Introduction Leonor Freire Costa, Regina Grafe, Alfonso Herranz-Loncán, David Igual Luis, Vicente Pinilla and Herminia Vasconcelos Vilar; Part I. The Making of Iberia, 700–1500 David Igual Luis and Hermínia Vasconcelos Vilar; Section I. The Early Middle Ages, 700–1200: 1. Muslim and Christian polities, 700–1200 Hermenegildo Fernandes and Flocel Sabaté; Section II. The Medieval Economy, 1000–1500: 2. Production, 1000–1500 María Asenjo-González and Antoni Furió; 3. Population, 1000–1500 Luís Miguel Duarte, Ignacio Álvarez Borge and Mario Lafuente Gómez; 4. The polity, 1000–1500 Maria Helena Coelho, Francisco Franco-Sánchez, Jesús Ángel Solórzano Telechea and Hermínia Vasconcelos Vilar; 5. Money, credit and banking, 1000–1500 David Carvajal, António Henriques and Pere Verdés; 6. Technology, 1000–1500 Arnaldo Sousa Melo, Germán Navarro Espinach and Ricardo Córdoba de la Llave; 7. Living standards, 1000–1500 Hipolito Rafael Oliva Herrer, Pere Benito i Monclús and Isabel dos Guimarães Sá; 8. International trade and commerce, 1000–1500 Hilario Casado Alonso, David Igual Luis, Flaìvio Miranda and Joana Sequeira; 9. The Iberian economy in global perspective, 700–1500 Jeff Fynn-Paul; Part II. Globalization and Enlightenment (1500–1800): 10. Patterns of Iberian economic growth in the early modern period Nuno Palma and Carlos Santiago-Caballero; 11. Population of Iberian peninsula in the early modern period: a comparative and regional perspective Andreia Durães and Vicente Pérez Moreda; 12. Institutions and policy (1500–1800) Mafalda Soares da Cunha, Francisco Gil Montes and Ana Sofia Ribeiro; 13. Early modern financial development in the Iberian Peninsula Leonor Freire Costa, Susana Münch Miranda and Pilar Nogues Marco; 14. Science, knowledge and technology, 1500-1800 Carlos Alvarez-Nogal, Alejandro García-Montón, and Pedro Lains; 15. Living standards, inequality, and consumption (1500–1800) Esteban Nicolini, Fernanda Olival and Fernando Ramos-Palencia; 16. Trade and the colonial economies, 1500–1828 Cátia Antunes, Regina Grafe and Xabier Lamikiz; 17. The economic history of Iberia in a wider context, 1500–1800 Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla; Part III. Industrialization and Catching-Up, 1800–2000 Alfonso Herranz-Loncán and Vicente Pinilla: 18. Economic growth and the spatial distribution of income, 1800–2000 Alfonso Herranz-Loncán, M. Teresa Sanchis-Llopis and Daniel A. Tirado-Fabregat; 19. Population growth, composition, and educational levels Amélia Branco and Fernando Collantes; 20. Economic policies and institutions José Luís Cardoso and Francisco Comín; 21. Iberian financial system, 1800–2000 Pablo Martín-Aceña and Rita Martins de Sousa; 22. Economic growth and structural change in the Iberian economies, 1800–2000 Luciano Amaral, Concha Betrán and Vicente Pinilla; 23. Living standards in Iberia, 1800–2010 Alfonso Díez-Minguela, Jordi Guilera and Julio Martinez-Galarraga; 24. Iberian globalization and catching up in the poor South European periphery. 1830–2010 Antonio Tena-Junguito, Giovanni Federico and Ester G. Silva; 25. The Iberian economy in comparative perspective, 1800–2000 Stephen Broadberry and Rui Pedro Esteves.

Pedro Lains was a Senior Research Professor at Universidade de Lisboa. He was the author of An Economic History of Portugal (2016), A History of Public Banking in Portugal in the 19th and 20th Centuries (2021) and editor of An Agrarian History of Portugal (2017). He was president of the Portuguese Economic and Social History Association from 2003-2007. Leonor Freire Costa is Professor in Economic History at the ISEG, University of Lisbon. She has published articles on Portugal's economic and financial history in the early modern period. Together with Pedro Lains and Susana Miranda she authored An Economic History of Portugal (2016). Regina Grafe is Professor of Early Modern History at the European University Institute in Florence. She is a global economic and social historian who has published widely on the political economy of Spain and the Spanish Empire including Distant Tyranny: Markets, Power and Backwardness in Spain, 1650-1800 (2012). Alfonso Herranz-Loncán is Professor of Economic History at the University of Barcelona. He has published articles on the history of transport, infrastructure, public policies, market integration and economic growth in Spain and Latin America during the 19th and 20th centuries. David Igual-Luis is Professor in Medieval History at the University of Castilla-La Mancha. He is a specialist on Social and Economic History. His previous publications include his collaborations in the collective volumes The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade around Europe, 1300-1600 (2017), Social Mobility in Medieval Italy, 1100-1500 (2018) and Faire son marché au Moyen Âge. Méditerranée occidentale, XIIIe-XVIe siècle (2018). Vicente Pinilla is Professor in Economic History at the University of Zaragoza and researcher at the Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragon. His previous publications include Wine Globalization (2018), Agricultural Development in the World Periphery: A Global Economic History Approach (2018) and Natural Resources and Economic Growth: Learning from History (2015). Hermínia Vasconcelos Vilar is Professor of Medieval History at the University of Évora. She is author of articles and book chapters on political and economic structures, social mobility and political legitimation in the Iberian kingdoms of the late middle ages.

'Pedro Lains's concern for the economic history of Iberia goes back almost forty years, to the first conference comparing Italy, Portugal, and Spain held in Seville in 1984. He dedicated his academic life to expand and deepen the comparison. This volume, a landmark in comparative history to which leading scholars in the field contributed, is the culmination of that intellectual project.' Leandro Prados de la Escosura, Universidad Carlos III

• Preface: By way of presentation Pedro Lains; Introduction Leonor Freire Costa, Regina Grafe, Alfonso Herranz-Loncán, David Igual Luis, Vicente Pinilla and Herminia Vasconcelos Vilar; Part I. The Making of Iberia, 700–1500 David Igual Luis and Hermínia Vasconcelos Vilar; Section I. The Early Middle Ages, 700–1200: 1. Muslim and Christian polities, 700–1200 Hermenegildo Fernandes and Flocel Sabaté; Section II. The Medieval Economy, 1000–1500: 2. Production, 1000–1500 María Asenjo-González and Antoni Furió; 3. Population, 1000–1500 Luís Miguel Duarte, Ignacio Álvarez Borge and Mario Lafuente Gómez; 4. The polity, 1000–1500 Maria Helena Coelho, Francisco Franco-Sánchez, Jesús Ángel Solórzano Telechea and Hermínia Vasconcelos Vilar; 5. Money, credit and banking, 1000–1500 David Carvajal, António Henriques and Pere Verdés; 6. Technology, 1000–1500 Arnaldo Sousa Melo, Germán Navarro Espinach and Ricardo Córdoba de la Llave; 7. Living standards, 1000–1500 Hipolito Rafael Oliva Herrer, Pere Benito i Monclús and Isabel dos Guimarães Sá; 8. International trade and commerce, 1000–1500 Hilario Casado Alonso, David Igual Luis, Flaìvio Miranda and Joana Sequeira; 9. The Iberian economy in global perspective, 700–1500 Jeff Fynn-Paul; Part II. Globalization and Enlightenment (1500–1800): 10. Patterns of Iberian economic growth in the early modern period Nuno Palma and Carlos Santiago-Caballero; 11. Population of Iberian peninsula in the early modern period: a comparative and regional perspective Andreia Durães and Vicente Pérez Moreda; 12. Institutions and policy (1500–1800) Mafalda Soares da Cunha, Francisco Gil Montes and Ana Sofia Ribeiro; 13. Early modern financial development in the Iberian Peninsula Leonor Freire Costa, Susana Münch Miranda and Pilar Nogues Marco; 14. Science, knowledge and technology, 1500-1800 Carlos Alvarez-Nogal, Alejandro García-Montón, and Pedro Lains; 15. Living standards, inequality, and consumption (1500–1800) Esteban Nicolini, Fernanda Olival and Fernando Ramos-Palencia; 16. Trade and the colonial economies, 1500–1828 Cátia Antunes, Regina Grafe and Xabier Lamikiz; 17. The economic history of Iberia in a wider context, 1500–1800 Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla; Part III. Industrialization and Catching-Up, 1800–2000 Alfonso Herranz-Loncán and Vicente Pinilla: 18. Economic growth and the spatial distribution of income, 1800–2000 Alfonso Herranz-Loncán, M. Teresa Sanchis-Llopis and Daniel A. Tirado-Fabregat; 19. Population growth, composition, and educational levels Amélia Branco and Fernando Collantes; 20. Economic policies and institutions José Luís Cardoso and Francisco Comín; 21. Iberian financial system, 1800–2000 Pablo Martín-Aceña and Rita Martins de Sousa; 22. Economic growth and structural change in the Iberian economies, 1800–2000 Luciano Amaral, Concha Betrán and Vicente Pinilla; 23. Living standards in Iberia, 1800–2010 Alfonso Díez-Minguela, Jordi Guilera and Julio Martinez-Galarraga; 24. Iberian globalization and catching up in the poor South European periphery. 1830–2010 Antonio Tena-Junguito, Giovanni Federico and Ester G. Silva; 25. The Iberian economy in comparative perspective, 1800–2000 Stephen Broadberry and Rui Pedro Esteves.