François Delerue is a research fellow in cyber defense and international law at the Institute for Strategic Research (IRSEM – Institut de Recherche stratégique de l'École militaire) and an adjunct lecturer at Sciences Po Paris. He is also rapporteur on international law for the Academic Advisory Board of the project EU Cyber Direct.

'An important and illuminating contribution to a vital but infrequently explored area of 'cyber hostilities'.' JHH Weiler, Editor-in-Chief, European Journal of International Law

• 1. Does international law matter in cyberspace? Part I. Attribution: 2. Attribution to a machine or a human: a technical process; 3. The question of evidence: from technical to legal attribution; 4. Attribution to a state; Conclusion of Part I; Part II. The Lawfulness of Cyber Operations: 5. Internationally wrongful cyber acts: cyber operations breaching norms of international law; 6. The threshold of cyber warfare: from use of cyber force to cyber armed attack; 7. Circumstances precluding or attenuating the wrongfulness of unlawful cyber operations; 8. Cyber operations and the principle of due diligence; Conclusion of Part II; Part III. Remedies against State-Sponsored Cyber Operations: 9. State responsibility and the consequences of an internationally wrongful cyber operation; 10. Measures of self-help against state-sponsored cyber operations; Conclusion of Part III; Conclusion.

François Delerue is a research fellow in cyber defense and international law at the Institute for Strategic Research (IRSEM – Institut de Recherche stratégique de l'École militaire) and an adjunct lecturer at Sciences Po Paris. He is also rapporteur on international law for the Academic Advisory Board of the project EU Cyber Direct.

'An important and illuminating contribution to a vital but infrequently explored area of 'cyber hostilities'.' JHH Weiler, Editor-in-Chief, European Journal of International Law

• 1. Does international law matter in cyberspace? Part I. Attribution: 2. Attribution to a machine or a human: a technical process; 3. The question of evidence: from technical to legal attribution; 4. Attribution to a state; Conclusion of Part I; Part II. The Lawfulness of Cyber Operations: 5. Internationally wrongful cyber acts: cyber operations breaching norms of international law; 6. The threshold of cyber warfare: from use of cyber force to cyber armed attack; 7. Circumstances precluding or attenuating the wrongfulness of unlawful cyber operations; 8. Cyber operations and the principle of due diligence; Conclusion of Part II; Part III. Remedies against State-Sponsored Cyber Operations: 9. State responsibility and the consequences of an internationally wrongful cyber operation; 10. Measures of self-help against state-sponsored cyber operations; Conclusion of Part III; Conclusion.