Victor J. Willi completed his doctorate at the University of Oxford and his Master at the University of Zurich. He is currently employed by the World Economic Forum in Geneva, Switzerland, focusing on the geopolitics and economic of the current Middle East.

'This superb oral history offers a forensic analysis of the Brotherhood's far from inevitable rise and fall from power in Egypt. Brothers are presented neither as victims nor villains, rather as social actors forced to make difficult choices in unprecedented circumstances. With enviable scholarly impartiality, The Fourth Ordeal is history at its best.' Hazem Kandil, Cambridge University

• Prologue; Introduction; 1. The Society of the Muslim Brothers; 2. The Second Founding (1968–1981); 3. The Rise of the Vanguard (1981–1991); 4. Brotherhood Incorporated (1991–2001); 5. Struggle for Leadership (2001–2011); 6. Revolution, Rise and Fall (2011–2013); 7. The Beginning of the Fourth Ordeal (2013–2018); Conclusion; Epilogue.

Victor J. Willi completed his doctorate at the University of Oxford and his Master at the University of Zurich. He is currently employed by the World Economic Forum in Geneva, Switzerland, focusing on the geopolitics and economic of the current Middle East.

'This superb oral history offers a forensic analysis of the Brotherhood's far from inevitable rise and fall from power in Egypt. Brothers are presented neither as victims nor villains, rather as social actors forced to make difficult choices in unprecedented circumstances. With enviable scholarly impartiality, The Fourth Ordeal is history at its best.' Hazem Kandil, Cambridge University

• Prologue; Introduction; 1. The Society of the Muslim Brothers; 2. The Second Founding (1968–1981); 3. The Rise of the Vanguard (1981–1991); 4. Brotherhood Incorporated (1991–2001); 5. Struggle for Leadership (2001–2011); 6. Revolution, Rise and Fall (2011–2013); 7. The Beginning of the Fourth Ordeal (2013–2018); Conclusion; Epilogue.

Victor J. Willi completed his doctorate at the University of Oxford and his Master at the University of Zurich. He is currently employed by the World Economic Forum in Geneva, Switzerland, focusing on the geopolitics and economic of the current Middle East.

'This superb oral history offers a forensic analysis of the Brotherhood's far from inevitable rise and fall from power in Egypt. Brothers are presented neither as victims nor villains, rather as social actors forced to make difficult choices in unprecedented circumstances. With enviable scholarly impartiality, The Fourth Ordeal is history at its best.' Hazem Kandil, Cambridge University

• Prologue; Introduction; 1. The Society of the Muslim Brothers; 2. The Second Founding (1968–1981); 3. The Rise of the Vanguard (1981–1991); 4. Brotherhood Incorporated (1991–2001); 5. Struggle for Leadership (2001–2011); 6. Revolution, Rise and Fall (2011–2013); 7. The Beginning of the Fourth Ordeal (2013–2018); Conclusion; Epilogue.