Handbook of Health Survey Methods

Timothy P. Johnson, PhD, is Director of the Survey Research Laboratory and Professor of Public Administration at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC). The author of numerous journal articles, Dr. Johnson is Coeditor of Survey Methods in Multicultural, Multinational, and Multiregional Contexts, also published by Wiley.

“The extensive and analytical coverage will make the book an extremely valuable resource: the new handbook will certainly emerge as essential reading for anyone deals with health surveys.”  (Ann Ist Super Sanità, 1 October 2015)

• List of Contributors xviiPreface xxiAcknowledgments xxiii1 Origins and Development of Health Survey Methods 1Timothy P. Johnson1.1 Introduction 11.2 Precursors of Modern Health Surveys 11.3 The First Modern Health Surveys 41.4 The Emergence of National Health Surveys 51.5 Post-WWII Advances 61.6 Current Developments 7References 9Online Resources 17Part I Design and Sampling Issues2 Sampling For Community Health Surveys 21Michael P. Battaglia2.1 Introduction 212.2 Background 222.3 Theory and Applications 242.4 Subpopulation Surveys 302.5 Sample Size Considerations 322.6 Summary 32References 33Online Resources 343 Developing a Survey Sample Design for Population-Based Case–Control Studies 37Ralph DiGaetano3.1 Introduction 373.2 A “Classic” Sample Design for a Population-Based Case–Control Study 393.3 Sample Design Concepts and Issues Related to Case–Control Studies 403.4 Basic Sample Design Considerations 493.5 Sample Selection of Cases 563.6 Sample Selection of Controls 573.7 Sample Weighting for Population-Based Case–Control Studies 623.8 The Need to Account for Analytic Plans When Developing a Sample Design: An Example 653.9 Sample Designs for Population-Based Case–Control Studies: When Unweighted Analyses Are Planned 663.10 Mimicking the Classic Design Using RDD-Based Sampling of Population-Based Controls 663.11 Examples of the Development of Complex Sample Designs for Population-Based Case–Control Studies Using Weighted Analyses Where Cases Serve as the Reference Population and Variance Estimates Reflect the Sample Design 693.12 Summary 71References 71Online Resources 754 Sampling Rare Populations 77James Wagner and Sunghee Lee4.1 Introduction 774.2 Traditional Probability Sampling Approaches 804.3 Nontraditional and Nonprobability Sampling Approaches 844.4 Conclusion 95References 97Online Resources 103Part II Design and Measurement Issues5 Assessing Physical Health 107Todd Rockwood5.1 Introduction 1075.2 Assessing Health: Response Formation and Accuracy 1105.3 Conceptual Framework for Developing and Assessing Health 1185.4 Measurement Theory 1245.5 Error and Methodology 1295.6 Conclusion 132References 134Online Resources 1416 Developing and Selecting Mental Health Measures 143Ronald C. Kessler and Beth-Ellen Pennell6.1 Introduction 1436.2 Historical Background 1446.3 Fully Structured Diagnostic Interviews 1476.4 Dimensional Measures of Symptom Severity 1486.5 Emerging Issues in Survey Assessments of Mental Disorders 1566.6 Conclusion 159References 159Online Resources 1697 Developing Measures of Health Behavior and Health Service Utilization 171Paul Beatty7.1 Introduction 1717.2 The Conceptual Phase of Questionnaire Development 1727.3 Development of Particular Questions 1737.4 Overall Questionnaire Construction 1847.5 Questionnaire Testing and Evaluation 1867.6 Using Questions from Previously Administered Questionnaires 1877.7 Conclusion 187References 188Online Resources 1908 Self-Rated Health in Health Surveys 193Sunghee Lee8.1 Introduction 1938.2 Utility of Self-Rated Health 1958.3 Theoretical Evidence: Cognitive Processes Pertinent to Responding to SRH in Surveys 1988.4 Measurement Issues for Self-Rated Health 2018.5 Conclusion 206References 207Online Resources 2169 Pretesting of Health Survey Questionnaires: Cognitive Interviewing Usability Testing and Behavior Coding 217Gordon Willis9.1 Introduction 2179.2 Historical Background and Theory of Pretesting 2189.3 Cognitive Interviewing 2209.4 Usability Testing 2299.5 Behavior Coding 2329.6 Summary 236References 238Online Resources 24110 Cross-Cultural Considerations in Health Surveys 243Brad Edwards10.1 Introduction 24310.2 Theory and Practice 25510.3 Conclusion 266References 266Online Resources 27411 Survey Methods for Social Network Research 275Benjamin Cornwell and Emily Hoagland11.1 Introduction 27511.2 Respondents as Social Network Informants 27711.3 Whole, Egocentric, and Mixed Designs 27711.4 Name Generators 28211.5 Free Versus Fixed Choice 28611.6 Name Interpreters 28711.7 Social Network Measures 28811.8 Other Approaches to Collecting Network-Like Data 29211.9 Modes of Data Collection and Survey Logistics 29511.10 Avoiding Endogeneity in Survey-Based Network Data 29611.11 Selection Issues 30011.12 New Directions: Measuring Social Network Dynamics 30111.13 Further Reading 304References 304Online Resources 31212 New Technologies for Health Survey Research 315Joe Murphy, Elizabeth Dean, Craig A. Hill, and Ashley Richards12.1 Introduction 31512.2 Background 31612.3 Theory and Applications 31812.4 Summary 329References 331Online Resources 337Part III Field Issues13 Using Survey Data to Improve Health: Community Outreach and Collaboration 341Steven Whitman, Ami M. Shah, Maureen R. Benjamins, and Joseph West13.1 Introduction 34113.2 Our Motivation 34213.3 Our Process 34313.4 A Few Findings 34413.5 Case Studies of Community Engagement 34913.6 Some Lessons Learned 361References 363Online Resources 36514 Proxy Reporting in Health Surveys 367Joseph W. Sakshaug14.1 Introduction 36714.2 Background 36714.3 Proxy Interviews for Children 37014.4 Proxy Interviews for the Elderly 37214.5 Proxy Interviews for the Disabled 37414.6 Summary 375References 376Online Resources 38115 The Collection of Biospecimens in Health Surveys 383Joseph W. Sakshaug, Mary Beth, Ofstedal Heidi Guyer, and Timothy J. Beebe15.1 Introduction 38315.2 Background 38415.3 Biomeasure Selection 38715.4 Methodological and Operational Considerations 39715.5 Quality Control 40215.6 Ethical and Legal Considerations 40815.7 Methods of Data Dissemination 41115.8 Summary 412References 413Online Resources 41916 Collecting Contextual Health Survey Data Using Systematic Observation 421Shannon N. Zenk, Sandy Slater, and Safa Rashid16.1 Introduction 42116.2 Background 42316.3 Data Collection 42616.4 Reliability and Validity Assessment 42916.5 Data Analysis 43216.6 Theory and Applications 43216.7 BTG-COMP: Evaluating the Impact of the Built Environment on Adolescent Obesity 43216.8 Evaluating the Impact of a Policy Change on the Retail Fruit and Vegetable Supply 43616.9 Summary 440References 441Online Resources 44517 Collecting Survey Data on Sensitive Topics: Substance Use 447Joe Gfroerer and Joel Kennet17.1 Introduction 44717.2 Background 44817.3 Theory and Applications 45017.4 Validation 46317.5 Alternative Estimation Methods 46417.6 Summary 466References 467Online Resources 47218 Collecting Survey Data on Sensitive Topics: Sexual Behavior 473Tom W. Smith18.1 Introduction 47318.2 Sampling 47418.3 Nonobservation 47518.4 Observation/Measurement Error 47518.5 Summary 479References 479Online Resources 48519 Ethical Considerations in Collecting Health Survey Data 487Emily E. Anderson19.1 Introduction 48719.2 Background: Ethical Principles and Federal Regulations for Research 48819.3 Defining, Evaluating, and Minimizing Risk 49119.4 Ethical Review of Health Survey Research 49719.5 Informed Consent for Survey Participation 50019.6 Considerations for Data Collection 50419.7 Summary 505References 506Online Resources 510Part IV Health Surveys of Special Populations20 Surveys of Physicians 515Jonathan B. VanGeest, Timothy J. Beebe, and Timothy P. Johnson20.1 Introduction 51520.2 Why Physicians do not Respond 51720.3 Theory and Applications: Improving Physician Participation 51820.4 Sampling 51820.5 Design-Based Interventions to Improve Response 52320.6 Incentive-Based Interventions 53020.7 Supporting Evidence from Other Health Professions 53220.8 Conclusion 533References 534Online Resources 54321 Surveys of Health Care Organizations 545John D. Loft, Joe Murphy, and Craig A. Hill21.1 Introduction 54521.2 Examples of Health Care Organizations Surveys 54821.3 Surveys of Health Care Organizations as Establishment Surveys 54821.4 Conclusions 556References 558Online Resources 56022 Surveys of Patient Populations 561Francis Fullam and Jonathan B. VanGeest22.1 Introduction 56122.2 Patients and Care Settings 56322.3 Overview of Common Patient Survey Methodologies 56422.4 Key Issues in Patient Survey Design and Administration 56522.5 Strategies for Developing Effective Patient Surveys 57022.6 Conclusion 573References 574Online Resources 58323 Surveying Sexual and Gender Minorities 585Melissa A. Clark, Samantha Rosenthal, and Ulrike Boehmer23.1 Introduction 58523.2 Prevalence Estimates of Sexual and Gender Minorities 59223.3 Sampling and Recruitment 59723.4 Data Collection 60623.5 Conclusions 608References 609Online Resources 61724 Surveying People with Disabilities: Moving Toward Better Practices and Policies 619Rooshey Hasnain, Carmit-Noa Shpigelman, Mike Scott, Jon R. Gunderson, Hadi B. Rangin, Ashmeet Oberoi, and Liam McKeever24.1 Introduction 62024.2 Setting a Foundation:The Importance of Inclusion for Web-Based Surveys 62324.3 Promoting Participation with Web Accessibility 62424.4 Testing the Accessibility of Some Web-Based Survey Tools 62624.5 Ensuring Web Accessibility at Various Levels of Disability 62924.6 Problems Posed By Inaccessible Web-Based Surveys for People with Disabilities 63324.7 Applications: How to Ensure that Web-Based Surveys are Accessible 63424.8 Summary and Conclusions 637References 638Online Resources 641Part V Data Management and Analysis25 Assessing the Quality of Health Survey Data Through Modern Test Theory 645Adam C. Carle25.1 Introduction 64525.2 Internal Validity and Dimensionality 64725.3 Dimensionality and Bifactor Model Example 65025.4 Dimensionality Discussion 65225.5 Measurement Bias 65325.6 Multiple Group Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause Models 65525.7 Additional Challenges to Health Survey Data Quality 66425.8 Overall Conclusion 664References 665Online Resources 66726 Sample Weighting for Health Surveys 669Kennon R. Copeland and Nadarajasundaram Ganesh26.1 Objectives of Sample Weighting 66926.2 Sample Weighting Stages (Probability Sample Designs) 67026.3 Calculating Base Weights 67126.4 Accounting for Noncontact and Nonresponse 67226.5 Adjusting to Independent Population Controls 67726.6 SampleWeighting for Nonprobability Sample Designs 68026.7 Issues in Sample Weighting 68026.8 Estimation 68226.9 Variance Estimation 68326.10 Special Topics 68326.11 Example: Weighting for the 2010 National Immunization Survey 68526.12 Summary 692References 692Online Resources 69427 Merging Survey Data with Administrative Data for Health Research Purposes 695Michael Davern Marc Roemer and Wendy Thomas27.1 Introduction 69527.2 Potential Uses of Linked Data 69627.3 Limitations and Strengths of Survey Data 69927.4 Limitations and Strengths of Administrative Data 70027.5 A Research Agenda into Linked Data File Quality 70127.6 Conclusions 712References 713Online Resources 71628 Merging Survey Data with Aggregate Data from Other Sources: Opportunities and Challenges 717Jarvis T. Chen28.1 Background 71728.2 Geocoding and Linkage to Area-Based Data 71928.3 Geographic Levels of Aggregation 72028.4 Types of Area-Level Measures 72328.5 Sources of Aggregated Data 72428.6 Aggregate Data Measures as Proxies for Individual Data 73028.7 Aggregate Measures as Contextual Variables 73128.8 The Components of Ecological Bias 73228.9 Analytic Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data with Linked Area-Based Measures 74228.10 Summary 746References 748Online Resources 75429 Analysis of Complex Health Survey Data 755Stanislav Kolenikov and Jeff Pitblado29.1 Introduction 75529.2 Inference with Complex Survey Data 76029.3 Substantive Analyses 78429.4 Quality Control Analyses 79529.5 Discussion 798References 798Online Resources 804Index 805