Alexander C. Wagenaar, PhD, is a professor of health outcomes and policy at the University of Florida College of Medicine, and associate director of the Public Health Law Research program, a national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Scott Burris, JD, is a professor of law at Temple University, where he directs the Center for Health Law, Policy and Practice and the Public Health Law Research program, a national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

• Figures and Tables viiForeword ixMichelle A. Larkin Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xvThe Editors xviiThe Contributors xiPart One Framing Public Health Law Research1. A Framework for Public Health Law Research 3Scott Burris, Alexander C. Wagenaar, Jeffrey W. Swanson,Jennifer K. Ibrahim, Jennifer Wood, and Michelle M. Mello2. Law in Public Health Systems and Services Research 23Scott Burris, Glen P. Mays, F. Douglas Scutchfield, and JenniferK. IbrahimPart Two Understanding How Law Influences Environments and Behavior3. Perspectives from Public Health 49Kelli A. Komro, Ryan J. O’Mara, and Alexander C. Wagenaar4. Law and Society Approaches 87Robin Stryker5. Criminological Theories 109Wesley G. Jennings and Tom Mieczkowski6. Procedural Justice Theory 131Tom R. Tyler and Avital Mentovich7. Economic Theory 147Frank J. Chaloupka8. The Theory of Triadic Influence 169Brian R. Flay and Marc B. Schure9. Integrating Diverse Theories for Public Health Law Evaluation 193Scott Burris and Alexander C. WagenaarPart Three Identifying and Measuring Legal Variables10. Picturing Public Health Law Research: The Value of Causal Diagrams 217Jeffrey W. Swanson and Jennifer K. Ibrahim11. Measuring Statutory Law and Regulations for Empirical Research 237Evan D. Anderson, Charles Tremper, Sue Thomas, andAlexander C. Wagenaar12. Coding Case Law for Public Health Law Evaluation 261Mark HallPart Four Designing Public Health Law Evaluations13. Evaluating Public Health Law Using Randomized Experiments 283Alan S. Gerber, Donald P. Green, and Allison J. Carnegie14. Natural Experiments: Research Design Elements for Optimal Causal Inference Without Randomization 307Alexander C. Wagenaar and Kelli A. Komro15. Qualitative Research Strategies for Public Health Law Evaluation 325Jennifer Wood16. Cost-Effectiveness and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Public Health Laws 347Ted R. Miller and Delia Hendrie17. The Future of Public Health Law Research 379Scott Burris and Alexander C. WagenaarReferences 387Name Index 443Subject Index 461Figures and TablesFigures1.1 Influence of Public Health Law 92.1 Effects of Law and Legal Practices on Public Health System Performance 263.1 A Public Health Perspective on How Law Affects Population Health 524.1 How Formal Law and Legality Influence Health 904.2 How Upstream Change in Regulatory Law Ultimately Affects Health 924.3 Process by Which New Health-Related Law Influences Health Through Organizational Politics 974.4 How Law Is Linked to Health Through Multiple Pathways of Meaning-Making 994.5 Law Affects Health Through Inequality 1045.1 Deterrence Theory 1185.2 Labeling Theory 1205.3 An Integrated Model from Criminology 1226.1 Procedural Justice Mechanisms Through Which Law Affects Public Health 1437.1 How Economic Factors Affect Population Health 1497.2 Cigarette Prices and Cigarette Sales, United States, 1970–2010 1578.1 The Theory of Triadic Influence 18010.1 Some Conventions of Causal Diagrams 22010.2 Types of Involuntary Outpatient Commitment 22310.3 Schematic Representation of AOT Processes in Nine Areas of New York State 22410.4 New York State Office of Mental Health Diagram Explaining AOT to the Public 22510.5 An Integrated Theory of Drinking Behavior 22610.6 Use of Theory of Planned Behavior to Frame Distracted Driving Behaviors 22710.7 Conceptual Model of the Impact of Tobacco Control Policies Over Time 22910.8 Conceptual Model of the Effect of Law on Public Health Outcomes 23110.9 How Stronger Patent Laws Could Improve Antimicrobial Effectiveness 23211.1 Process for Measuring Law 24114.1 Observed Effect: Simple Pre-Post Design Versus Time-Series Design 30914.2 Observed Effect: Annual Versus Monthly Measures 31014.3 Time Series Illustrating Seasonality 31214.4 Possible Patterns of Policy Effects Over Time 31314.5 Hierarchical Multilevel Time-Series Design: Legal Drinking Age Example 32016.1 Costs and Benefits from a Sustained Compulsory Breath-Testing Program in New Zealand by Perspective 351Tables1.1 Typology of Public Health Law Research Studies 113.1 Data Sources for Measuring Population Health and Related Outcomes 688.1 Social Psychological Theories Informing Mechanisms of Legal Effect 17711.1 Types of Law by Level and Source 24213.1 Examples of Randomized Controlled Trials in Health Law and Policy 29516.1 2008 Motorcycle Fatalities in the United States and Predicted Fatalities Without Helmet Use 35416.2 Estimated Costs and Benefits per Year by Riding Helmeted 35816.3 Cost-Outcome Estimates for Voluntary Motorcycle Helmet Use from Various Perspectives 36116.4 Costs and Cost-Outcome Estimates per Newly Helmeted Rider for a Motorcycle Helmet Law (in 2010 dollars) 36716.5 League Table of Costs, Savings, Benefit-Cost Ratio, and Cost per QALY Gained for Public Health Laws, Enforcement, and Sanctioning (in 2010 dollars) 37016.6 Minimum Societal Ratios of Benefits to Government Costs Required for Government to Break Even on a Public Health Law or Program, by Public Health Problem Addressed and Level of Government 376

Alexander C. Wagenaar, PhD, is a professor of health outcomes and policy at the University of Florida College of Medicine, and associate director of the Public Health Law Research program, a national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Scott Burris, JD, is a professor of law at Temple University, where he directs the Center for Health Law, Policy and Practice and the Public Health Law Research program, a national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

• Figures and Tables viiForeword ixMichelle A. Larkin Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xvThe Editors xviiThe Contributors xiPart One Framing Public Health Law Research1. A Framework for Public Health Law Research 3Scott Burris, Alexander C. Wagenaar, Jeffrey W. Swanson,Jennifer K. Ibrahim, Jennifer Wood, and Michelle M. Mello2. Law in Public Health Systems and Services Research 23Scott Burris, Glen P. Mays, F. Douglas Scutchfield, and JenniferK. IbrahimPart Two Understanding How Law Influences Environments and Behavior3. Perspectives from Public Health 49Kelli A. Komro, Ryan J. O’Mara, and Alexander C. Wagenaar4. Law and Society Approaches 87Robin Stryker5. Criminological Theories 109Wesley G. Jennings and Tom Mieczkowski6. Procedural Justice Theory 131Tom R. Tyler and Avital Mentovich7. Economic Theory 147Frank J. Chaloupka8. The Theory of Triadic Influence 169Brian R. Flay and Marc B. Schure9. Integrating Diverse Theories for Public Health Law Evaluation 193Scott Burris and Alexander C. WagenaarPart Three Identifying and Measuring Legal Variables10. Picturing Public Health Law Research: The Value of Causal Diagrams 217Jeffrey W. Swanson and Jennifer K. Ibrahim11. Measuring Statutory Law and Regulations for Empirical Research 237Evan D. Anderson, Charles Tremper, Sue Thomas, andAlexander C. Wagenaar12. Coding Case Law for Public Health Law Evaluation 261Mark HallPart Four Designing Public Health Law Evaluations13. Evaluating Public Health Law Using Randomized Experiments 283Alan S. Gerber, Donald P. Green, and Allison J. Carnegie14. Natural Experiments: Research Design Elements for Optimal Causal Inference Without Randomization 307Alexander C. Wagenaar and Kelli A. Komro15. Qualitative Research Strategies for Public Health Law Evaluation 325Jennifer Wood16. Cost-Effectiveness and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Public Health Laws 347Ted R. Miller and Delia Hendrie17. The Future of Public Health Law Research 379Scott Burris and Alexander C. WagenaarReferences 387Name Index 443Subject Index 461Figures and TablesFigures1.1 Influence of Public Health Law 92.1 Effects of Law and Legal Practices on Public Health System Performance 263.1 A Public Health Perspective on How Law Affects Population Health 524.1 How Formal Law and Legality Influence Health 904.2 How Upstream Change in Regulatory Law Ultimately Affects Health 924.3 Process by Which New Health-Related Law Influences Health Through Organizational Politics 974.4 How Law Is Linked to Health Through Multiple Pathways of Meaning-Making 994.5 Law Affects Health Through Inequality 1045.1 Deterrence Theory 1185.2 Labeling Theory 1205.3 An Integrated Model from Criminology 1226.1 Procedural Justice Mechanisms Through Which Law Affects Public Health 1437.1 How Economic Factors Affect Population Health 1497.2 Cigarette Prices and Cigarette Sales, United States, 1970–2010 1578.1 The Theory of Triadic Influence 18010.1 Some Conventions of Causal Diagrams 22010.2 Types of Involuntary Outpatient Commitment 22310.3 Schematic Representation of AOT Processes in Nine Areas of New York State 22410.4 New York State Office of Mental Health Diagram Explaining AOT to the Public 22510.5 An Integrated Theory of Drinking Behavior 22610.6 Use of Theory of Planned Behavior to Frame Distracted Driving Behaviors 22710.7 Conceptual Model of the Impact of Tobacco Control Policies Over Time 22910.8 Conceptual Model of the Effect of Law on Public Health Outcomes 23110.9 How Stronger Patent Laws Could Improve Antimicrobial Effectiveness 23211.1 Process for Measuring Law 24114.1 Observed Effect: Simple Pre-Post Design Versus Time-Series Design 30914.2 Observed Effect: Annual Versus Monthly Measures 31014.3 Time Series Illustrating Seasonality 31214.4 Possible Patterns of Policy Effects Over Time 31314.5 Hierarchical Multilevel Time-Series Design: Legal Drinking Age Example 32016.1 Costs and Benefits from a Sustained Compulsory Breath-Testing Program in New Zealand by Perspective 351Tables1.1 Typology of Public Health Law Research Studies 113.1 Data Sources for Measuring Population Health and Related Outcomes 688.1 Social Psychological Theories Informing Mechanisms of Legal Effect 17711.1 Types of Law by Level and Source 24213.1 Examples of Randomized Controlled Trials in Health Law and Policy 29516.1 2008 Motorcycle Fatalities in the United States and Predicted Fatalities Without Helmet Use 35416.2 Estimated Costs and Benefits per Year by Riding Helmeted 35816.3 Cost-Outcome Estimates for Voluntary Motorcycle Helmet Use from Various Perspectives 36116.4 Costs and Cost-Outcome Estimates per Newly Helmeted Rider for a Motorcycle Helmet Law (in 2010 dollars) 36716.5 League Table of Costs, Savings, Benefit-Cost Ratio, and Cost per QALY Gained for Public Health Laws, Enforcement, and Sanctioning (in 2010 dollars) 37016.6 Minimum Societal Ratios of Benefits to Government Costs Required for Government to Break Even on a Public Health Law or Program, by Public Health Problem Addressed and Level of Government 376