Hydrogen Generation, Storage and Utilization

Jin Zhong Zhang is Professor of Chemistry at University of California - Santa Cruz. He is head of the Zhang Research Group that focuses on optical nanomaterials for energy and biomedical applications.Jinghong Li is Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Tsinghua University. His research interests are electrochemistry and electroanalytical chemistry, material electrochemistry, nanoscopic electrochemistry, and energy conversion and storage.Yat Li is Associate Professor of Chemistry at University of California - Santa Cruz. He is head of the Li Research Group that studies nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage.Yiping Zhao is Professor of Physics at the University of Georgia. His research interests are nanostructure and thin film fabrications, hydrogen storage materials, and nanomotors.

• Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii1 Introduction to Basic Properties of Hydrogen 11.1 Basics about the Hydrogen Element 11.2 Basics about the Hydrogen Molecule 31.3 Other Fundamental Aspects of Hydrogen 41.4 Safety and Precautions about Hydrogen 5References 52 Hydrocarbons for Hydrogen Generation 72.1 Basics about Hydrocarbons 72.2 Steam Methane Reforming 82.3 Partial Oxidation 102.4 Methanol and Ethanol Steam Reforming 122.5 Glycerol Reforming 152.5.1 Glycerol Reforming Processes 152.5.2 Mechanistic Aspects of Glycerol Reforming Reactions 172.5.3 Catalytic Reforming of Glycerol 172.6 Cracking of Ammonia and Methane 182.6.1 Ammonia Cracking 182.6.2 Methane Cracking 222.6.3 Other Decomposition Methods 232.7 Summary 24References 253 Solar Hydrogen Generation: Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Methods 273.1 Basics about Solar Water Splitting 273.2 Photocatalyic Methods 283.2.1 Background 283.2.2 Metal Oxides 293.2.3 Metal Oxynitrides/Metal Nitrides/Metal Phosphides 313.2.4 Metal Chalcogenides 323.2.5 Conclusion 353.3 Photoelectrochemical Methods 363.3.1 Background 363.3.2 Photocathode for Water Reduction 363.3.3 Photoanode for Water Oxidation 403.3.4 Conclusion 453.4 Summary 45References 464 Biohydrogen Generation and Other Methods 514.1 Basics about Biohydrogen 514.2 Pathways of Biohydrogen Production from Biomass 524.3 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Hydrogen 554.3.1 Hydrogen from Biomass via Pyrolysis 554.3.2 Hydrogen from Biomass via Gasifi cation 584.3.3 Hydrogen from Biomass via Supercritical Water (Fluid–Gas) Extraction 604.3.4 Comparison of Thermochemical Processes 614.4 Biological Process for Hydrogen Production 624.4.1 Biophotolysis of Water Using Microalgae 644.4.2 Photofermentation 664.4.3 Dark Fermentation 664.4.4 Two-Stage Process: Integration of Dark and Photofermentation 674.5 Summary 69References 695 Established Methods Based on Compression and Cryogenics 755.1 Basic Issues about Hydrogen Storage 755.2 High Pressure Compression 785.3 Liquid Hydrogen 845.4 Summary 89References 906 Chemical Storage Based on Metal Hydrides and Hydrocarbons 916.1 Basics on Hydrogen Storage of Metal Hydrides 916.2 Hydrogen Storage Characteristics of Metal Hydrides 926.2.1 Storage Capacities 936.2.2 Thermodynamics and Reversible Storage Capacity 936.2.3 Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation Kinetics 956.2.4 Cycling Stability 996.2.5 Activation 996.3 Different Metal Hydrides 1006.3.1 Binary Metal Hydrides 1006.3.2 Metal Alloy Hydrides 1006.3.3 Complex Metal Hydrides 1016.3.4 Improving Metal Hydride Performance 1026.4 Hydrocarbons for Hydrogen Storage 1086.4.1 Reaction between Carbon Atom and Hydrogen 1096.4.2 Reaction between Solid Carbon and Hydrogen 1106.4.3 Reaction between Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen 1116.5 Summary 115References 1167 Physical Storage Using Nanostructured and Porous Materials 1217.1 Physical Storage Using Nanostructures 1217.1.1 Carbon Nanostructures 1217.1.2 Other Nanostructures and Microstructures 1297.2 Physical Storage Using Metal-Organic Frameworks 1307.3 Clathrate Hydrates 1327.4 Summary 135References 1358 Hydrogen Utilization: Combustion 1398.1 Basics about Combustion 1398.2 Mechanism of Combustion 1408.3 Major Factors Affecting Combustion 1438.4 Catalytic Combustion 1468.5 Summary 149References 1509 Hydrogen Utilization: Fuel Cells 1539.1 Basics of Fuel Cells 1539.1.1 The Rational Development of Fuel Cells 1539.1.2 Work Principles of Fuel Cells 1549.1.3 Operation of Fuel Cells 1559.2 Types of Fuel Cells 1579.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) 1579.2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 1579.2.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 1609.2.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) 1629.2.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) 1639.3 Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction of Fuel Cells 1639.3.1 Pt-Based Catalysts 1649.3.2 Nonnoble Metal Catalysts 1649.4 Fuel Processing 1689.5 Applications of Fuel Cells 1699.6 Summary 171References 17210 Hydrogen Utilization in Chemical Processes 17710.1 Background 17710.2 Hydrogen Utilization in Petroleum Industry 17710.2.1 Hydrocracking 17710.2.2 Hydroprocessing 18010.3 Hydrogen Utilization in Chemical Industry 18110.3.1 Ammonia Production: The Haber Process 18110.3.2 Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 18210.4 Hydrogen Utilization in Metallurgical Industry 18210.4.1 Ore Reduction 18210.5 Hydrogen Utilization in Manufacturing Processes 18410.5.1 Welding Gas: Oxy-Hydrogen Welding 18410.5.2 Coolant 18510.6 Hydrogen Utilization in Physics 18710.6.1 Lifting Gas 18710.6.2 Superconductor Industry 18710.6.3 Semiconductor Industry 18710.7 Summary 188References 188Index 191