Understanding Distillation Using Column Profile Maps

DANIEL BENEKE, PhD, is a Process Engineering Consultant for the Centre of Material and Process Synthesis at the University of the Witwatersrand, where he works on process design for liquid fuel processes and separations research.MARK PETERS, PhD, is a Separations Consultant and Research Engineer for the Centre of Material and Process Synthesis at the University of the Witwatersrand. He is actively involved in separations research as well as innovative waste-to-energy processes.DAVID GLASSER, PhD, is Professor of Chemical Engineering and Director of the Centre of Material and Process Synthesis at the University of the Witwatersrand.DIANE HILDEBRANDT, PhD, is the SARChI Professor of Sustainable Process Engineering and a Co-Director of the Centre of Material and Process Synthesis at the University of the Witwatersrand.

• PREFACE xiii NOMENCLATURE AND ABBREVIATIONS xixABOUT THE AUTHORS xxiii1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Context and Significance 11.2 Important Distillation Concepts 41.3 Summary 122 FUNDAMENTALS OF RESIDUE CURVE MAPS 152.1 Introduction 152.2 Batch Boiling 162.3 The Mass Balance Triangle (MBT) 172.4 The Residue Curve Equation 192.5 Residue Curve Maps 212.6 Properties of Residue Curve Maps 252.7 Applicability of RCMs to Continuous Processes 302.8 Limitations of RCMs 392.9 Residue Curve Maps: The Bigger Picture 402.10 Summary 463 DERIVATION AND PROPERTIES OF COLUMN PROFILE MAPS 483.1 Introduction 483.2 The Column Section (CS) 493.3 The Difference Point Equation (DPE) 513.4 Column Profile Maps 543.5 The Effect of CPM Parameters 613.6 Properties of Column Profile Maps 673.7 Pinch Point Loci 753.8 Some Mathematical Aspects of CPMs 803.9 Some Insights and Applications of CPMs 843.10 Summary 894 EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF COLUMN PROFILES 914.1 Introduction 914.2 The Rectifying Column Section 924.3 The Stripping Column Section 984.4 Validation of Thermodynamic Models 1034.5 Continuous Column Sections 1054.6 Summary 1145 DESIGN OF SIMPLE COLUMNS USING COLUMN PROFILE MAPS 116 5.1 Introduction 1165.2 Absorbers and Strippers 1175.3 Simple Column Design 1285.4 Azeotropic Systems 1415.5 Constant Relative Volatility Systems 1455.6 Summary 1546 DESIGN OF COMPLEX COLUMNS USING COLUMN PROFILE MAPS 1576.1 Introduction 1576.2 Distributed Feed Addition 1586.3 Sidestream Withdrawal 1756.4 Thermally Coupled Columns: Side Rectifiers and Strippers 1846.5 Summary 2057 DESIGN OF FULLY THERMALLY COUPLED COMPLEX COLUMNS USING COLUMN PROFILE MAPS 2067.1 Introduction 2067.2 A Simplified Infinite Reflux Case 2087.3 General Petlyuk Design 2167.4 Sharp Split Petlyuk Design Using TTs 2407.5 Insights into Kaibel Column Design 2507.6 Summary 2588 REACTIVE DISTILLATION DESIGN USING COLUMN PROFILE MAPS 2618.1 Introduction 2618.2 Simple Reactive Distillation 2628.3 Reactive Column Sections 2758.4 Summary 2939 APPLICATION OF COLUMN PROFILE MAPS TO ALTERNATIVE SEPARATION PROCESSES: MEMBRANE PERMEATION 2969.1 Introduction 2969.2 Membrane Permeation 2979.3 Generalized Membrane Column Sections 2999.4 Theory 2999.5 MCS Profiles: Total Reflux 3049.6 Column Section Profiles: Finite Reflux 3069.7 Conclusions 3149.8 Example: Design of Hybrid Systems Using Distillation-Membrane Processes 31510 CONCLUDING REMARKS 32810.1 Overall Conclusions 32810.2 Limitations 32910.3 Extensions and the Way Forward 330References 330APPENDIX A: DODS SOFTWARE PACKAGE 331APPENDIX B: NRTL PARAMETERS AND ANTOINE COEFFICIENTS 345INDEX 349