Troubleshooting Vacuum Systems

Steam Turbine Surface Condensers and Refinery Vacuum Towers

AvNorman P. Lieberman

Inbunden, Engelska, 2013

2 322 kr

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Beskrivning

Vacuum systems are in wide spread use in the petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries and power generation plants. The existing texts on this subject are theoretical in nature and only deal with how the equipment functions when in good mechanical conditions, from the viewpoint of the equipment vendor. Also, the existing texts fail to consider the interaction of the vacuum system with the process equipment it serves and the variability of the motive steam conditions, change in cooling water temperature condenser fouling and erosion of the ejectors.Here are some of the many questions answered in this groundbreaking volume: Why does my first stage jet make a surging sound during hot weather?Why does the vacuum suddenly break?I've seen moisture condensing on the jet's body! What’s causing that?Why do I have to steam-out the drain legs from our condensers?Superheated steam is making our vacuum worse. Is this normal?How can I locate and measure air leaks?Reducing the steam pressure to my jets improves vacuum. But why?I can't pull the pre-condenser bundle. The shell side is fouling. What should I do?We're not getting our normal horsepower from our steam turbine. Could this be a jet problem?Raising the seal drum level improves vacuum! Is there an explanation for this?Our turbine exhaust steam pressure to our surface condenser has doubled in the last two years. What should we do?Restricting cooling water flow from our elevated condensers improves vacuum! Is this possible?What's a converging-diverging ejector all about?What's the difference between a barometric condenser and a surface condenser? Which is better?

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2013-01-11
Mått:161 x 243 x 19 mm
Vikt:522 g
Format:Inbunden
Språk:Engelska
Antal sidor:280
Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN:9781118290347

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Tillverkningsteknik inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

Mer om författaren

Norm Lieberman is one of the most well-known and respected process engineers in history. With over 47 years of experience and eight often-quoted and often-used books to his credit, he has left and continues to leave a lasting impression on the energy industry. His contribution to the industry is considerable, and troubleshooting vacuum systems is the single biggest part of his business. With a writing style that is unique to technical books, he brings a no-nonsense and practical approach to his subjects.

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Innehållsförteckning

Preface xiiiIntroduction xvDefinition of Terms xixOther Books by Author xxiii1 How Jets Work 11.1 The Converging-Diverging Ejector 11.2 Interaction of Steam Nozzle with Converging-Diverging Diffuser 51.3 Compression Ratio 61.4 Converging-Diverging Ejector 71.5 Velocity Boost 91.6 Surging 101.7 Critical Discharge Pressure 111.8 Observing the Conversion of Heat to Velocity 121.9 Jet Discharge Pressure 131.10 Reducing Primary-Jet Discharge Pressure 141.11 Bypassing First Stage Ejectors 152 Making Field Measurements 172.1 Getting Started 172.2 How to Unscrew Steel Plugs 232.3 Effect of Barometric Pressure on Indicated Vacuum 242.4 Use of Piccolo 252.5 Measuring Deep Vacuums using an Hg Manometer 272.6 Measurement of a Deep Vacuum without Mercury 282.7 Measuring Condensibles in Feed to First Stage Ejector 302.8 Identifying Loss of Sonic Boost by Sound 312.9 Identifying Air Leaks 322.10 Air Leaks in Flanges 342.11 Vacuum Measurement Units 353 Tabulation of Vacuum System Malfunctions 393.1 Tidal Flop in Delaware 403.2 Critical Discharge Pressure 433.3 Fouling in Final Condenser 433.4 Reduction in Back Pressure 453.5 Loss of LVGO Pan Level 453.6 Variations in Cooling Water Temperature 473.7 Multi-Component Malfunctions 503.8 Partial Tabulation of Vacuum System Malfunctions 514 Effect of Water Partial Pressure on Jet Efficiency 554.1 Vapor Pressure of Water Limits Vacuum 564.2 Reminder about Water Partial Pressure 594.3 Air Leaks in Steam Turbine Surface Condensers 594.4 Variable Cooling Water Temperature 604.5 Loss of Sonic Boost 604.6 Relative Jet Efficiency 624.7 Definition of "Vacuum Breaking" 634.8 Critical Discharge Pressure Exceeded 645 Air Leaks 675.1 Upper Explosive Limits 675.2 How to Find Air Leaks 685.3 Diffuser Air Leaks 695.4 Air Leaks on Vacuum Towers 705.5 Air Leaks in Heater Transfer Lines 715.6 Air Leaks - Turbine Mechanical Seal 726 Sources and Disposal of Hydrocarbon Off-Gas 756.1 Evolution of Cracked Gas 756.2 Sources of Cracked Gas 786.3 Cracked Gas Evolution from Boot 806.4 Air Equivalent 816.5 Overloading Vacuum Jets 846.6 Excess Cracked Gas Flow 856.7 Field Checking Gas Flow Meter in Vacuum Service 856.8 Surging 3rd Stage Jet Bogs Down Primary Jet 896.9 Exchanger Leaks Overloads Jets 906.10 Poor Vacuum Tower Feed Stripping 926.11 Level Connection Purges and Pump Mechanical Seal Gas 946.12 Effect of Heater Outlet Temperature 956.13 Extracting H2S from Vacuum Tower Off-Gas Upstream of Ejectors 976.14 Disposal of Seal Drum Off-Gas 996.15 Fouling of Waste Gas Burner 1007 Motive Steam Conditions 1017.1 Effect of Wet Steam 1027.2 Water in Motive Steam 1037.3 The Tale of Weak Steam 1047.4 Internal Freezing of Steam Nozzle 1057.5 High Pressure, Superheated Motive Steam 1087.6 Effect of Moisture Content of Saturated Steam on Temperature 1087.7 Steam Pressure Affects Vacuum 1097.8 Effect of Superheated Steam 1118 Mechanical Defects of Ejectors 1138.1 Steam Nozzle Testing 1138.2 Other Mechanical Defects of Jets 1148.3 Fouled Steam Nozzles 1178.4 Diffuser Erosion 1188.5 Repair of Ejector Body 1198.6 Changing Worn Steam Nozzles 1198.7 Restoring Critical Flow 1209 Condenser Fouling and Cleaning 1239.1 Fouling Mechanism in Condensers for Refinery Vacuum Towers 1239.2 Fouling Due to Chemical Additives 1249.3 Minimizing Condenser Fouling in Vacuum Towers 1259.4 Fouled Pre-condenser 1269.5 Fixed Tube Sheet Condensers 1289.6 Cleaning Condensers On-Stream 1299.7 Optimum Condenser Bundle Configuration 1309.8 Chemically Cleaning Condensers 1309.9 Ball Cleaning Condenser Tubes 1319.10 Corrosion Control by Better Desalting 13210 Pressure Control of Vacuum Towers 13510.1 Positive Feedback Loop 14111 Condenser Cooling Water Flow 14311.1 Cooling Water Flow Configuration 14311.2 Air Evolving from Cooling Water Reduces Cooling Water Flow 14511.3 Cooling Water Pressure to Surface Condensers 14811.4 Tube Leaks 14912 Condensate Back-Up in Condensers 15112.1 Undersized Condenser Drain Nozzle 15312.2 Seal Drum Level Indication 15512.3 Leaking Gauge Glass on Surface Condenser Boot 15712.4 Condensate Pump Cavitation Due to Air Leaks 16112.5 Condensate Back-Up in Surface Condenser Boot 16212.6 Experiment with Condensate Back-Up 16512.7 Condensate Back-Up 16613 Seal Leg Drainage 16913.1 Sludge Accumulation in Seal Drum 16913.2 Seal Leg Leak Inside Seal Drum 17113.3 Seal Leg Flange Leak Outside Seal Drum 17413.4 Seal Leg Design 17713.5 Inadequate Seal Leg Length for Hydrocarbons 18013.6 Inadequate Seal Leg Capacity 18213.7 High Back-Pressure from Seal Drum 18313.8 Detecting Condensate Back-Up in Seal Legs 18413.9 Condensate Back-Up Due to Air Leak in Barometric Drain Line 18613.10 Seal Drum Design 18813.11 Seal Drum Fills with Corrosive Deposits 18913.12 Seal Drum Design Tips 19313.13 An Unfortunate Incident 19414 Other Types of Vacuum Equipment 19714.1 Hogging Jets 19714.2 Use of Hogging Jet on Surface Condenser 19814.3 Liquid Seal Ring Compressors 20014.4 Gas Ejectors 20214.5 Liquid Ejectors 20314.6 Ejector Compression Efficiency 20415 Air Baffle and Impingement Plate in Surface Condensers 20515.1 Mechanical Configuration of Seal Strips 20615.2 Corroded Brass Seal Strips 20815.3 Air or Vapor Baffle Leak 20815.4 Identifying Defective Seal Strips 20915.5 Air Baffle Clearance 21115.6 Fouling Mechanism in Vacuum Tower Surface Condensers 21215.7 Surface Condenser Impingement Plate 21215.8 Oversized Impingement Plate 21415.9 Impingement Plates as Vapor Distributors 21516 Optimizing Vacuum Tower Operation 21716.1 Steam to Heater Passes 21816.2 LVGO Pan Level Loss Causes a Loss in Vacuum 22016.3 Carry-Over of LVGO Pumparound Spray 22616.4 Optimizing Vacuum Tower Top Temperature 22716.5 Plugged Vacuum Tower Top Demister 22916.6 Bypassing Primary Ejector 23217 Frequently Asked Questions 23317.1 Vacuum Systems 233The Norm Lieberman DVD/Video Library 243Index 247