Concise Encyclopedia of High Performance Silicones

Atul Tiwari received his PhD in Polymer Science from the Macromolecular Research Centre, R.D. University, Jabalpur, India, and his second master degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA. In 2004, Dr. Tiwari was invited as a postdoctoral fellow by the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, where he developed five technologies that were later patented by the university and transferred to companies. He currently works as a Research Faculty Member in the College of Engineering at the university. He has been actively engaged as a consultant to companies working in various fields of polymer science, engineering, and technology. As an academician, Dr. Tiwari has published more than 60 peer-reviewed research articles related to material science and has co-authored and edited 10 books. He has been bestowed with Chartered Chemist and Chartered Scientist status from the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK, and is a member of several other professional bodies in the UK, USA, and India.Mark D. Soucek is a Professor in the Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron. In 2003, Dr. Soucek was selected as a Gordon Award Finalist for his work in UV-Curable Bio-based polymers. In 2004, Dr. Soucek was awarded the Radtech Innovation Award for his work in UV-curable coatings. In 2004 and 2005, he received an honorable mention for the Gordon Award for Core-Shell latex work, and UV-curing of Unsaturated Polyesters. In 2009, Professor Soucek won his second Roon Award for a developing a new class of alkyd coatings. He presently has more than 100 research papers published all in coating science.

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• 1 Room Temperature Vulcanized Silicone Rubber Coatings: Application in High Voltage Substations 3Kiriakos Siderakis and Dionisios Pylarinos 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Pollution of High Voltage Insulators 4 1.3 Silicone Coatings for High Voltage Ceramic Insulators 5 1.4 RTV SIR Coatings Formulation 6 1.5 Hydrophobicity in RTV SIR 10 1.6 Electrical Performance of RTV SIR Coatings 13 1.7 Conclusions 13 References 13 2 Silicone Copolymers: Enzymatic Synthesis and Properties 19Yadagiri Poojari 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Polysiloxanes 20 2.3 Silicone Aliphatic Polyesters 20 2.4 Silicone Aliphatic Polyesteramides 21 2.5 Silicone Fluorinated Aliphatic Polyesteramides 21 2.6 Silicone Aromatic Polyesters and Polyamides 21 2.7 Silicone Polycaprolactone 22 2.8 Silicone Polyethers 23 2.9 Silicone Sugar Conjugates 24 2.10 Stereo-Selective Esterification of Organosiloxanes 24 2.11 Conclusion and Outlook 25 Acknowledgments 25 References 25 3 Phosphorus Containing Siliconized Epoxy Resins 27S. Ananda Kumar, M. Alagar and M. Mandhakini 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Preparation of Siliconized Epoxy-Bismaleimide Intercrosslinked Matrices 29 3.3 Phosphorus-Containing Siliconized Epoxy Resin as Thermal and Flame Retardant Coatings 31 3.4 High Functionality Resins for the Fabrication of Nanocomposites 33 3.5 Anticorrosive and Antifouling Coating Performance of Siloxane- and Phosphorus-Modified Epoxy Composites 39 3.6 Summary and Conclusion 46 Acknowledgement  48 References 49 4 Nanostructured Silicone Materials 51Joanna Lewandowska-Lañcucka, Mariusz Kepczynski and Maria Nowakowska 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Solid Particles 52 4.3 Nanocapsules 56 4.4 Ultra-Thin Silicone Films 60 4.5 Conclusion and Outlook 61 References 62 5 High Refractive Index Silicone 65Zulkifli Ahmad 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Theory of RI 66 5.3 High Refractive Index Silicone 69 5.4 Applications 71 5.5 Conclusion and Outlook 74 6 Irradiation Induced Chemical and Physical Effects in Silicones 75R. Huszank 6.1 Introduction 75 6.2 Sources of Irradiation 76 6.3 Irradiation-Induced Chemical Effects in Silicones 77 6.4 Irradiation-Induced Physical Effects in Silicones 81 6.5 Conclusion and Outlook 83 7 Developments and Properties of Reinforced Silicone Rubber Nanocomposites 85Suneel Kumar Srivastava and Bratati Pradhan 7.1 Introduction 85 7.2 Different Types of Nanofillers Used in Silicone Rubber (SR) 86 7.3 Preparation of Silicone Rubber (SR) Nanocomposites 89 7.4 Morphology of Silicone Rubber (SR) Nanocomposites 90 7.5 Properties of Silicone Rubber Nanocomposites 94 7.6 Conclusion and Outlook 105 References 105 8 Functionalization of Silicone Rubber Surfaces towards Biomedical Applications 111Lígia R. Rodrigues and Fernando Dourado 8.1 Introduction 111 8.2 Silicone Rubber – Material of Excellence for Biomedical Applications? 111 8.3 Surface Modification of Silicone Rubber 113 8.4 Conclusion and Outlook 119 References 120 9 Functionalization of Colloidal Silica Nanoparticles and Their Use in Paint and Coatings 123Peter Greenwood and Anders Törncrona 9.1 Introduction to Colloidal Silica 123 9.2 Chemistry of Silica Surface Functionalization by Organosilanes 124 9.3 Characterization and Product Properties of Silane-Modified Silica Dispersions 125 9.4 Applications for Silanized Silica Nanoparticles in Paint and Coatings 130 9.5 Conclusion and Outlook 139 References 139 10 Surface Modification of PDMS in Microfluidic Devices 141Wenjun Qiu, Chaoqun Wu and Zhigang Wu 10.1 Introduction 141 10.2 PDMS Surface Modification Techniques 142 10.3 Characterization Techniques 147 10.4 Discussion and Perspectives 148 Part 2: Characterization 151 11 The Development and Application of NMR Methodologies for the Study of Degradation in Complex Silicones 153Robert S. Maxwell, James Lewicki, Brian P. Mayer, Amitesh Maiti and Stephen J. Harley 11.1 Introduction 153 11.2 Applications of NMR for Characterizing Silicones 155 11.3 Highlights of Recent Advances in NMR Methodology 159 11.4 Conclusions and Outlook 173 Acknowledgements 173 12 Applications of Some Spectroscopic Techniques on Silicones and Precursor to Silicones 177Atul Tiwari 12.1 Introduction 177 12.2 Fourier Transformation Infrared and Spectroscopy of Silicones 178 12.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Silicones 181 12.4 FTIR-Assisted Chemical Component Analysis in Thermal Degradation of Silicones 182 12.5 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Silicones 183 12.6 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy 187 12.7 Conclusion and Outlook 187 Acknowledgement 187 References 188 13 Degradative Thermal Analysis of Engineering Silicones 191James P. Lewicki and Robert S. Maxwell 13.1 Degradative Thermal Analysis of Engineering Silicones 191 13.2 Conclusions and Outlook 209 Acknowledgments 209 References 209 14 High Frequency Properties and Applications of Elastomeric Silicones 211Charan M. Shah, Withawat Withayachumnankul, Madhu Bhaskaran and Sharath Sriram 14.1 Introduction 211 14.2 Silicone Microdevice Fabrication 212 14.3 Properties of Silicone at Radio Frequencies (1–20 GHz) 213 14.4 Properties of Silicone at Terahertz Frequencies (0.2 THz – 4.0 THz) 220 14.5 Conclusion and Outlook 223 Acknowledgements 223 References 223 15 Mathematical Modeling of Drug Delivery from Silicone Devices Used in Bovine Estrus Synchronization 225Ignacio M. Helbling, Juan C.D. Ibarra and Julio A. Luna 15.1 Introduction 225 15.2 Bovine Estrous Cycle 226 15.3 Bovine Estrus Synchronization 228 15.4 Controlled Release Silicone Devices 230 15.5 Mathematical Modeling 232 15.6 Conclusion and Outlook 237 References 238 16 Safety and Toxicity Aspects of Polysiloxanes (Silicones) Applications 243Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieñkowska 16.1 Introduction 243 16.2 Business Strategy for Manufacturing and Sale of Polysiloxanes 243 16.3 Chemical Aspects 244 16.4 Speciation Analysis 245 16.5 Application Areas and Direct Human Contact with Polysiloxanes (Silicones) 246 16.6 Toxicological Aspects 247 16.7 Conclusion and Outlook 249 References 249 17 Structure Properties Interrelations of Silicones for Optimal Design in Biomedical Prostheses 253Petroula A. Tarantili 17.1 Introduction 253 17.2 Materials and Methods 259 17.3 Discussion of Results 260 17.4 Conclusions and Outlook 267 References 269 Part 3: Applications 273 18 Silicone-Based Soft Electronics 275Shi Cheng 18.1 Introduction 275 18.2 Silicone-Based Passive Soft Electronics 276 18.3 Silicone-Based Integrated Active Soft Electronics 284 18.4 Conclusion 292 Acknowledgements 292 References 292 19 Silicone Hydrogels Materials for Contact Lens Applications 293José M. González-Meijome, Javier González-Pérez, Paulo R.B. Fernandes, Daniela P. Lopes-Ferreira, Sergio Mollá and Vicente Compañ 19.1 Introduction 293 19.2 Synthesis and Development of Materials 294 19.3 Surface Properties 295 19.4 Bulk Properties 298 19.5 Biological Interactions 301 19.6 Load and Release of Products from Contact Lenses 304 19.7 Conclusions 305 Disclosure 306 References 306 20 Silicone Membranes for Gas, Vapor and Liquid Phase Separations 309Paola Bernardo, Gabriele Clarizia, Johannes Carolus Jansen 20.1 Introduction 309 20.2 Material 309 20.3 Membrane Type and Configuration 310 20.4 Membrane Unit Operations Based on Silicones 314 20.5 Conclusions and Outlook 318 References 318   21 Polydimethyl Siloxane Elastomers in Maxillofacial Prosthetic Use 321H. Serdar Çötert 21.1 Introduction 321 21.2 Facial Prostheses 322 21.3 Polydimethyl Siloxane Elastomers 328 21.4 Reinforcement 333 21.5 Biocompatibility and the Microbiological Features 334 21.6 Future Studies 335 Acknowledgements 335 References 335 22 Silicone Films for Fiber-Optic Chemical SensingGuillermo Orellana, Juan López-Gejo and Bruno Pedras 22.1 Introduction 339 22.2 Silicone Chemistry and Technology Related to Optical Chemical Sensing 340 22.3 Gas Permeability and Optical Sensing 342 22.4 Optical Properties of Silicone Thin Films 345 22.5 Silicone Films for Optical Oxygen Sensing 346 22.6 Silicone Films for Optical Sensing of Other Species 349 22.7 Conclusion 350 Acknowledgements 350 References 350 23 Surface Design, Fabrication and Properties of Silicone Materials for Use in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 355Nisarg Tambe, Jing Cao, Kewei Xu and Julie A. Willoughby 23.1 Introduction 355 23.2 Silicone Biomaterials 357 23.3 Silicones in Tissue Engineering 359 23.4 Surface Characterization Techniques 366 23.5 Conclusion and Outlook 368 Acknowledgement 368 References 369 24 Silicones for Microfluidic Systems 371Anna Kowalewska and Maria Nowacka 24.1 Introduction 371 24.2 Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices 372 24.3 Application of PDSM-Based Microfluidic Devices 376 24.4 Summary and Outlook 376 References 376 25 Silicone Oil in Biopharmaceutical Containers: Applications and Recent Concerns 381Nitin Dixit and Devendra S. Kalonia 25.1 Introduction 381 25.2 Lubrication of Pharmaceutical Containers and Devices 381 25.3 Silicone Oil: A Molecular Perspective 382 25.4 Silicone Oil Coatings in Pharmaceutical Devices 383 25.5 Protein Adsorption to Hydrophobic Interfaces 386 25.6 Physical Stability of Biologics in the Presence of Silicone Oil 389 25.7 Conclusions and Outlook 392 List of Abbreviations 392 References 392 Index