Bernard Lightman is Professor of Humanities at York University, Toronto, Canada. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, former Editor of the journal Isis, and Vice-Presdent and President Elect of the History of Science Society. Professor Lightman has published over 50 articles and is the author of The Origins of Agnosticism (1987) and Victorian Popularizers of Science (2007). He is also editor or co-editor of several collections: Victorian Science in Context (1997), Science in the Marketplace (2007), and Victorian Scientific Naturalism (2014). In addition, he is the series editor of Science and Culture in the Nineteeth Century.

"Bernard Lightman has assembled a superb roster of many of the leading figures in their respective specialisms. [The] Companion is organized around analytical catagories...[which] enables [it] to address current issues such as identity, practice, the movement of knowledge, and material culture from a number of different perspectives that, helpfully, are often mutually illuminating. Although the individual chapters...are uniformly excellent, the Companion to the History of Science, when read as a whole or even section by section, really is more than the sum of its parts." - British Journal for the History of Science."Assembling a one-volume companion to the history of science across ages, scientific disciplines and global space is a particularly daunting task. The editor has approached this challenge in a somewhat unconventional way.... This thematic approach is a successful and innovative way of providing an overview of the key literature and current debates in the history of science. ...stimulating and informative...individual contributions are well suited for inclusion in undergraduate courses. The volume is very ambitious in terms of geographical scope...[which] sets [it] apart from other available introductions to the history of science. Admirably, it includes science and ways of studying nature in many different parts of the world through history. As a whole, the companion presents a highly commendable state-of-the-art view on the history of science. [Presenting] the richness of a thriving academic field...as an introduction to the history of science informed by cultural history and cultural theory, a better introduction is difficult to come by." - Notes and Records of the Royal Society"The book will serve well in an introductory graduate seminar and as a starting point for undergraduate research. Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates and above; faculty and professionals." - Choice"A valiant effort to condense in a single (large) book such an extremely diverse subject as the history of science." - The Sun News Miami"In time this book will become a snapshot of early twenty-first-century historiography of science. It is all the more useful because of its clearly articulated approach. These essays will remain a valuable resource for many years to come." - Annals of Science"All in all, this is a magnificent collection of essays that would be extremely useful and informative to those science educators who have no formal training in history of science, but who nevertheless use, or want to use, history of science in their work." - Science and Education

• About the Editor viiiAbout the Contributors ixAcknowledgements xviIntroduction 1Bernard Lightman1 Historiography of the History of Science 7Lynn K. NyhartPart I Roles 232 Learned Man and Woman in Antiquity and the Middle Ages 25Nathan Sidoli3 Go-Betweens, Travelers, and Cultural Translators 39Kapil Raj4 The Alchemist 58Tara Nummedal5 The Natural Philosopher 71Peter Dear6 The Natural Historian 84Kristin Johnson7 Invisible Technicians, Instrument Makers, and Artisans 97Iwan Rhys Morus8 Scientific illustrators 111Valérie Chansigaud9 The Human Experimental Subject 126Anita Guerrini10 Amateurs 139Katherine Pandora11 The Man of Science 153Paul White12 The Professional Scientist 164CyrusC.M.ModyPart II Places and Spaces 17913 The Medieval University 181Steven J. Livesey14 The Observatory 196Robert W. Smith15 The Court 210Bruce T. Moran16 Academies and Societies 224Denise Phillips17 Museums and Botanical Gardens 238Lukas Rieppel18 Domestic Space 252Donald L. Opitz19 Commercial Science 268Paul Lucier20 The Field 282Robert E. Kohler and Jeremy Vetter21 The Laboratory 296Catherine M. Jackson22 Modern School and University 310Heike JönsPart III Communication 32923 Manuscripts 331Joyce van Leeuwen24 The Printing Press 344Nick Wilding25 Correspondence Networks 358Brian Ogilvie26 Translations 372Marwa Elshakry and Carla Nappi27 Journals and Periodicals 387Aileen Fyfe28 Textbooks 400Josep Simon29 Lectures 414Diarmid A. Finnegan30 Film, Radio, and Television 428David A. KirbyPart IV Tools of Science 44331 Timing Devices 445Rory McEvoy32 Weights and Measures 459Hector Vera33 Calculating Devices and Computers 472Matthew L. Jones34 Specimens and Collections 488Mary E. Sunderland35 Recording Devices 500Jimena Canales36 Microscopes 515Boris Jardine37 Telescopes 530Jim Bennett38 Prisms, Spectroscopes, Spectrographs, and Gratings 543Klaus Hentschel39 Diagrams 557Charlotte Bigg40 Three Dimensional Models 572Joshua Nall and Liba TaubIndex 587

Bernard Lightman is Professor of Humanities at York University, Toronto, Canada. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, former Editor of the journal Isis, and Vice-Presdent and President Elect of the History of Science Society. Professor Lightman has published over 50 articles and is the author of The Origins of Agnosticism (1987) and Victorian Popularizers of Science (2007). He is also editor or co-editor of several collections: Victorian Science in Context (1997), Science in the Marketplace (2007), and Victorian Scientific Naturalism (2014). In addition, he is the series editor of Science and Culture in the Nineteeth Century.

"Bernard Lightman has assembled a superb roster of many of the leading figures in their respective specialisms. [The] Companion is organized around analytical catagories...[which] enables [it] to address current issues such as identity, practice, the movement of knowledge, and material culture from a number of different perspectives that, helpfully, are often mutually illuminating. Although the individual chapters...are uniformly excellent, the Companion to the History of Science, when read as a whole or even section by section, really is more than the sum of its parts." - British Journal for the History of Science."Assembling a one-volume companion to the history of science across ages, scientific disciplines and global space is a particularly daunting task. The editor has approached this challenge in a somewhat unconventional way.... This thematic approach is a successful and innovative way of providing an overview of the key literature and current debates in the history of science. ...stimulating and informative...individual contributions are well suited for inclusion in undergraduate courses. The volume is very ambitious in terms of geographical scope...[which] sets [it] apart from other available introductions to the history of science. Admirably, it includes science and ways of studying nature in many different parts of the world through history. As a whole, the companion presents a highly commendable state-of-the-art view on the history of science. [Presenting] the richness of a thriving academic field...as an introduction to the history of science informed by cultural history and cultural theory, a better introduction is difficult to come by." - Notes and Records of the Royal Society"The book will serve well in an introductory graduate seminar and as a starting point for undergraduate research. Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates and above; faculty and professionals." - Choice"A valiant effort to condense in a single (large) book such an extremely diverse subject as the history of science." - The Sun News Miami"In time this book will become a snapshot of early twenty-first-century historiography of science. It is all the more useful because of its clearly articulated approach. These essays will remain a valuable resource for many years to come." - Annals of Science"All in all, this is a magnificent collection of essays that would be extremely useful and informative to those science educators who have no formal training in history of science, but who nevertheless use, or want to use, history of science in their work." - Science and Education

• About the Editor viiiAbout the Contributors ixAcknowledgements xviIntroduction 1Bernard Lightman1 Historiography of the History of Science 7Lynn K. NyhartPart I Roles 232 Learned Man and Woman in Antiquity and the Middle Ages 25Nathan Sidoli3 Go-Betweens, Travelers, and Cultural Translators 39Kapil Raj4 The Alchemist 58Tara Nummedal5 The Natural Philosopher 71Peter Dear6 The Natural Historian 84Kristin Johnson7 Invisible Technicians, Instrument Makers, and Artisans 97Iwan Rhys Morus8 Scientific illustrators 111Valérie Chansigaud9 The Human Experimental Subject 126Anita Guerrini10 Amateurs 139Katherine Pandora11 The Man of Science 153Paul White12 The Professional Scientist 164CyrusC.M.ModyPart II Places and Spaces 17913 The Medieval University 181Steven J. Livesey14 The Observatory 196Robert W. Smith15 The Court 210Bruce T. Moran16 Academies and Societies 224Denise Phillips17 Museums and Botanical Gardens 238Lukas Rieppel18 Domestic Space 252Donald L. Opitz19 Commercial Science 268Paul Lucier20 The Field 282Robert E. Kohler and Jeremy Vetter21 The Laboratory 296Catherine M. Jackson22 Modern School and University 310Heike JönsPart III Communication 32923 Manuscripts 331Joyce van Leeuwen24 The Printing Press 344Nick Wilding25 Correspondence Networks 358Brian Ogilvie26 Translations 372Marwa Elshakry and Carla Nappi27 Journals and Periodicals 387Aileen Fyfe28 Textbooks 400Josep Simon29 Lectures 414Diarmid A. Finnegan30 Film, Radio, and Television 428David A. KirbyPart IV Tools of Science 44331 Timing Devices 445Rory McEvoy32 Weights and Measures 459Hector Vera33 Calculating Devices and Computers 472Matthew L. Jones34 Specimens and Collections 488Mary E. Sunderland35 Recording Devices 500Jimena Canales36 Microscopes 515Boris Jardine37 Telescopes 530Jim Bennett38 Prisms, Spectroscopes, Spectrographs, and Gratings 543Klaus Hentschel39 Diagrams 557Charlotte Bigg40 Three Dimensional Models 572Joshua Nall and Liba TaubIndex 587

Bernard Lightman is Professor of Humanities at York University, Toronto, Canada. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, former Editor of the journal Isis, and Vice-Presdent and President Elect of the History of Science Society. Professor Lightman has published over 50 articles and is the author of The Origins of Agnosticism (1987) and Victorian Popularizers of Science (2007). He is also editor or co-editor of several collections: Victorian Science in Context (1997), Science in the Marketplace (2007), and Victorian Scientific Naturalism (2014). In addition, he is the series editor of Science and Culture in the Nineteeth Century.

"Bernard Lightman has assembled a superb roster of many of the leading figures in their respective specialisms. [The] Companion is organized around analytical catagories...[which] enables [it] to address current issues such as identity, practice, the movement of knowledge, and material culture from a number of different perspectives that, helpfully, are often mutually illuminating. Although the individual chapters...are uniformly excellent, the Companion to the History of Science, when read as a whole or even section by section, really is more than the sum of its parts." - British Journal for the History of Science."Assembling a one-volume companion to the history of science across ages, scientific disciplines and global space is a particularly daunting task. The editor has approached this challenge in a somewhat unconventional way.... This thematic approach is a successful and innovative way of providing an overview of the key literature and current debates in the history of science. ...stimulating and informative...individual contributions are well suited for inclusion in undergraduate courses. The volume is very ambitious in terms of geographical scope...[which] sets [it] apart from other available introductions to the history of science. Admirably, it includes science and ways of studying nature in many different parts of the world through history. As a whole, the companion presents a highly commendable state-of-the-art view on the history of science. [Presenting] the richness of a thriving academic field...as an introduction to the history of science informed by cultural history and cultural theory, a better introduction is difficult to come by." - Notes and Records of the Royal Society"The book will serve well in an introductory graduate seminar and as a starting point for undergraduate research. Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates and above; faculty and professionals." - Choice"A valiant effort to condense in a single (large) book such an extremely diverse subject as the history of science." - The Sun News Miami"In time this book will become a snapshot of early twenty-first-century historiography of science. It is all the more useful because of its clearly articulated approach. These essays will remain a valuable resource for many years to come." - Annals of Science"All in all, this is a magnificent collection of essays that would be extremely useful and informative to those science educators who have no formal training in history of science, but who nevertheless use, or want to use, history of science in their work." - Science and Education

• About the Editor viiiAbout the Contributors ixAcknowledgements xviIntroduction 1Bernard Lightman1 Historiography of the History of Science 7Lynn K. NyhartPart I Roles 232 Learned Man and Woman in Antiquity and the Middle Ages 25Nathan Sidoli3 Go-Betweens, Travelers, and Cultural Translators 39Kapil Raj4 The Alchemist 58Tara Nummedal5 The Natural Philosopher 71Peter Dear6 The Natural Historian 84Kristin Johnson7 Invisible Technicians, Instrument Makers, and Artisans 97Iwan Rhys Morus8 Scientific illustrators 111Valérie Chansigaud9 The Human Experimental Subject 126Anita Guerrini10 Amateurs 139Katherine Pandora11 The Man of Science 153Paul White12 The Professional Scientist 164CyrusC.M.ModyPart II Places and Spaces 17913 The Medieval University 181Steven J. Livesey14 The Observatory 196Robert W. Smith15 The Court 210Bruce T. Moran16 Academies and Societies 224Denise Phillips17 Museums and Botanical Gardens 238Lukas Rieppel18 Domestic Space 252Donald L. Opitz19 Commercial Science 268Paul Lucier20 The Field 282Robert E. Kohler and Jeremy Vetter21 The Laboratory 296Catherine M. Jackson22 Modern School and University 310Heike JönsPart III Communication 32923 Manuscripts 331Joyce van Leeuwen24 The Printing Press 344Nick Wilding25 Correspondence Networks 358Brian Ogilvie26 Translations 372Marwa Elshakry and Carla Nappi27 Journals and Periodicals 387Aileen Fyfe28 Textbooks 400Josep Simon29 Lectures 414Diarmid A. Finnegan30 Film, Radio, and Television 428David A. KirbyPart IV Tools of Science 44331 Timing Devices 445Rory McEvoy32 Weights and Measures 459Hector Vera33 Calculating Devices and Computers 472Matthew L. Jones34 Specimens and Collections 488Mary E. Sunderland35 Recording Devices 500Jimena Canales36 Microscopes 515Boris Jardine37 Telescopes 530Jim Bennett38 Prisms, Spectroscopes, Spectrographs, and Gratings 543Klaus Hentschel39 Diagrams 557Charlotte Bigg40 Three Dimensional Models 572Joshua Nall and Liba TaubIndex 587