Constantine A. Balanis received his BSEE degree from the Virginia Tech in 1964, his MEE degree from the University of Virginia in 1966, his PhD in Electrical Engineering from The Ohio State University in 1969, and an Honorary Doctorate from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 2004. From 1964 to 1970, he was with the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, VA, and from 1970 to 1983, he was with the Department of Electrical Engineering of West Virginia University. In 1983 he joined Arizona State University and is now Regents' Professor of Electrical Engineering. Dr. Balanis is also a life fellow of the IEEE.

Select Guide Rating

• Preface xiiiAbout the Companion Website xix1 Antennas 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Types of Antennas 31.3 Radiation Mechanism 71.4 Current Distribution on a Thin Wire Antenna 151.5 Historical Advancement 181.6 Multimedia 21References 222 Fundamental Parameters and Figures-of-Merit of Antennas 252.1 Introduction 252.2 Radiation Pattern 252.3 Radiation Power Density 352.4 Radiation Intensity 372.5 Beamwidth 402.6 Directivity 412.7 Numerical Techniques 552.8 Antenna Efficiency 602.9 Gain, Realized Gain 612.10 Beam Efficiency 652.11 Bandwidth 652.12 Polarization 662.13 Input Impedance 752.14 Antenna Radiation Efficiency 792.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length and Equivalent Areas 812.16 Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area 862.17 Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation 882.18 Antenna Temperature 962.19 Multimedia 100References 103Problems 1053 Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary Potential Functions 1273.1 Introduction 1273.2 The Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J 1283.3 The Vector Potential F for A magnetic Current Source m 1303.4 Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J) and Magnetic (M) Current Sources 1313.5 Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation 1323.6 Far-Field Radiation 1363.7 Duality Theorem 1373.8 Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems 138References 143Problems 1434 Linear Wire Antennas 1454.1 Introduction 1454.2 Infinitesimal Dipole 1454.3 Small Dipole 1554.4 Region Separation 1584.5 Finite Length Dipole 1644.6 Half-Wavelength Dipole 1764.7 Linear Elements Near or On Infinite Perfect Electric Conductors (PEC), Perfect Magnetic Conductors (PMC) and Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) Surfaces 1794.8 Ground Effects 2034.9 Computer Codes 2164.10 Multimedia 216References 218Problems 2205 Loop Antennas 2355.1 Introduction 2355.2 Small Circular Loop 2365.3 Circular Loop of Constant Current 2505.4 Circular Loop with Nonuniform Current 2595.5 Ground and Earth Curvature Effects for Circular Loops 2685.6 Polygonal Loop Antennas 2695.7 Ferrite Loop 2705.8 Mobile Communication Systems Applications 2725.9 Multimedia 272References 275Problems 2776 Arrays: Linear, Planar, and Circular 2856.1 Introduction 2856.2 Two-Element Array 2866.3 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude and Spacing 2936.4 N-Element Linear Array: Directivity 3126.5 Design Procedure 3186.6 N-Element Linear Array: Three-Dimensional Characteristics 3196.7 Rectangular-to-Polar Graphical Solution 3226.8 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Spacing, Nonuniform Amplitude 3236.9 Superdirectivity 3456.10 Planar Array 3486.11 Design Considerations 3606.12 Circular Array 3636.13 Multimedia 367References 367Problems 3687 Antenna Synthesis and Continuous Sources 3857.1 Introduction 3857.2 Continuous Sources 3867.3 Schelkunoff Polynomial Method 3877.4 Fourier Transform Method 3927.5 Woodward-Lawson Method 3987.6 Taylor Line-Source (Tschebyscheff-Error) 4047.7 Taylor Line-Source (One-Parameter) 4087.8 Triangular, Cosine, and Cosine-Squared Amplitude Distributions 4157.9 Line-Source Phase Distributions 4167.10 Continuous Aperture Sources 4177.11 Multimedia 420References 420Problems 4218 Integral Equations, Moment Method, and Self and Mutual Impedances 4318.1 Introduction 4318.2 Integral Equation Method 4328.3 Finite Diameter Wires 4398.4 Moment Method Solution 4488.5 Self-Impedance 4558.6 Mutual Impedance Between Linear Elements 4638.7 Mutual Coupling in Arrays 4748.8 Multimedia 480References 480Problems 4829 Broadband Dipoles and Matching Techniques 4859.1 Introduction 4859.2 Biconical Antenna 4879.3 Triangular Sheet, Flexible and Conformal Bow-Tie, and Wire Simulation 4929.4 Vivaldi Antenna 4969.5 Cylindrical Dipole 5009.6 Folded Dipole 5059.7 Discone and Conical Skirt Monopole 5129.8 Matching Techniques 5139.9 Multimedia 523References 524Problems 52510 Traveling Wave and Broadband Antennas 53310.1 Introduction 53310.2 Traveling Wave Antennas 53310.3 Broadband Antennas 54910.4 Multimedia 580References 580Problems 58211 Frequency Independent Antennas, Antenna Miniaturization, and Fractal Antennas 59111.1 Introduction 59111.2 Theory 59211.3 Equiangular Spiral Antennas 59311.4 Log-Periodic Antennas 59811.5 Fundamental Limits of Electrically Small Antennas 61411.6 Antenna Miniaturization 61911.7 Fractal Antennas 62711.8 Multimedia 633References 633Problems 63512 Aperture Antennas 63912.1 Introduction 63912.2 Field Equivalence Principle: Huygens’ Principle 63912.3 Radiation Equations 64512.4 Directivity 64812.5 Rectangular Apertures 64812.6 Circular Apertures 66712.7 Design Considerations 67512.8 Babinet’s Principle 68012.9 Fourier Transforms in Aperture Antenna Theory 68412.10 Ground Plane Edge Effects: The Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 70212.11 Multimedia 707References 707Problems 70913 Horn Antennas 71913.1 Introduction 71913.2 E-Plane Sectoral Horn 71913.3 H-Plane Sectoral Horn 73313.4 Pyramidal Horn 74313.5 Conical Horn 75613.6 Corrugated Horn 76113.7 Aperture-Matched Horns 76613.8 Multimode Horns 76913.9 Dielectric-Loaded Horns 77113.10 Phase Center 77313.11 Multimedia 774References 775Problems 77814 Microstrip and Mobile Communications Antennas 78314.1 Introduction 78314.2 Rectangular Patch 78814.3 Circular Patch 81514.4 Quality Factor, Bandwidth, and Efficiency 82314.5 Input Impedance 82614.6 Coupling 82714.7 Circular Polarization 83014.8 Arrays and Feed Networks 83214.9 Antennas for Mobile Communications 83714.10 Dielectric Resonator Antennas 84714.11 Multimedia 858References 862Problems 86715 Reflector Antennas 87515.1 Introduction 87515.2 Plane Reflector 87515.3 Corner Reflector 87615.4 Parabolic Reflector 88415.5 Spherical Reflector 92015.6 Multimedia 923References 923Problems 92516 Smart Antennas 93116.1 Introduction 93116.2 Smart-Antenna Analogy 93116.3 Cellular Radio Systems Evolution 93316.4 Signal Propagation 93916.5 Smart Antennas’ Benefits 94216.6 Smart Antennas’ Drawbacks 94316.7 Antenna 94316.8 Antenna Beamforming 94616.9 Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) 96016.10 Smart-Antenna System Design, Simulation, and Results 96416.11 Beamforming, Diversity Combining, Rayleigh-Fading, and Trellis-Coded Modulation 97216.12 Other Geometries 97516.13 Multimedia 976References 976Problems 98017 Antenna Measurements 98117.1 Introduction 98117.2 Antenna Ranges 98217.3 Radiation Patterns 100017.4 Gain Measurements 100317.5 Directivity Measurements 101017.6 Radiation Efficiency 101217.7 Impedance Measurements 101217.8 Current Measurements 101417.9 Polarization Measurements 101417.10 Scale Model Measurements 1019References 1024Appendix I: f(x) = sin(x)x1027Appendix II: f N (x) = | sin(Nx)||N sin(x) N = 1, 3, 5, 10, 20| 1029Appendix III: Cosine and Sine Integrals 1031Appendix IV: Fresnel Integrals 1033Appendix V: Bessel Functions 1035Appendix VI: Identities 1041Appendix VII: Vector Analysis 1045Appendix VIII: Method of Stationary Phase 1055Appendix IX: Television, Radio, Telephone, and Radar Frequency Spectrums 1061Index 1065

Constantine A. Balanis received his BSEE degree from the Virginia Tech in 1964, his MEE degree from the University of Virginia in 1966, his PhD in Electrical Engineering from The Ohio State University in 1969, and an Honorary Doctorate from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 2004. From 1964 to 1970, he was with the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, VA, and from 1970 to 1983, he was with the Department of Electrical Engineering of West Virginia University. In 1983 he joined Arizona State University and is now Regents' Professor of Electrical Engineering. Dr. Balanis is also a life fellow of the IEEE.

Select Guide Rating

• Preface xiiiAbout the Companion Website xix1 Antennas 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Types of Antennas 31.3 Radiation Mechanism 71.4 Current Distribution on a Thin Wire Antenna 151.5 Historical Advancement 181.6 Multimedia 21References 222 Fundamental Parameters and Figures-of-Merit of Antennas 252.1 Introduction 252.2 Radiation Pattern 252.3 Radiation Power Density 352.4 Radiation Intensity 372.5 Beamwidth 402.6 Directivity 412.7 Numerical Techniques 552.8 Antenna Efficiency 602.9 Gain, Realized Gain 612.10 Beam Efficiency 652.11 Bandwidth 652.12 Polarization 662.13 Input Impedance 752.14 Antenna Radiation Efficiency 792.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length and Equivalent Areas 812.16 Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area 862.17 Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation 882.18 Antenna Temperature 962.19 Multimedia 100References 103Problems 1053 Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary Potential Functions 1273.1 Introduction 1273.2 The Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J 1283.3 The Vector Potential F for A magnetic Current Source m 1303.4 Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J) and Magnetic (M) Current Sources 1313.5 Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation 1323.6 Far-Field Radiation 1363.7 Duality Theorem 1373.8 Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems 138References 143Problems 1434 Linear Wire Antennas 1454.1 Introduction 1454.2 Infinitesimal Dipole 1454.3 Small Dipole 1554.4 Region Separation 1584.5 Finite Length Dipole 1644.6 Half-Wavelength Dipole 1764.7 Linear Elements Near or On Infinite Perfect Electric Conductors (PEC), Perfect Magnetic Conductors (PMC) and Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) Surfaces 1794.8 Ground Effects 2034.9 Computer Codes 2164.10 Multimedia 216References 218Problems 2205 Loop Antennas 2355.1 Introduction 2355.2 Small Circular Loop 2365.3 Circular Loop of Constant Current 2505.4 Circular Loop with Nonuniform Current 2595.5 Ground and Earth Curvature Effects for Circular Loops 2685.6 Polygonal Loop Antennas 2695.7 Ferrite Loop 2705.8 Mobile Communication Systems Applications 2725.9 Multimedia 272References 275Problems 2776 Arrays: Linear, Planar, and Circular 2856.1 Introduction 2856.2 Two-Element Array 2866.3 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude and Spacing 2936.4 N-Element Linear Array: Directivity 3126.5 Design Procedure 3186.6 N-Element Linear Array: Three-Dimensional Characteristics 3196.7 Rectangular-to-Polar Graphical Solution 3226.8 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Spacing, Nonuniform Amplitude 3236.9 Superdirectivity 3456.10 Planar Array 3486.11 Design Considerations 3606.12 Circular Array 3636.13 Multimedia 367References 367Problems 3687 Antenna Synthesis and Continuous Sources 3857.1 Introduction 3857.2 Continuous Sources 3867.3 Schelkunoff Polynomial Method 3877.4 Fourier Transform Method 3927.5 Woodward-Lawson Method 3987.6 Taylor Line-Source (Tschebyscheff-Error) 4047.7 Taylor Line-Source (One-Parameter) 4087.8 Triangular, Cosine, and Cosine-Squared Amplitude Distributions 4157.9 Line-Source Phase Distributions 4167.10 Continuous Aperture Sources 4177.11 Multimedia 420References 420Problems 4218 Integral Equations, Moment Method, and Self and Mutual Impedances 4318.1 Introduction 4318.2 Integral Equation Method 4328.3 Finite Diameter Wires 4398.4 Moment Method Solution 4488.5 Self-Impedance 4558.6 Mutual Impedance Between Linear Elements 4638.7 Mutual Coupling in Arrays 4748.8 Multimedia 480References 480Problems 4829 Broadband Dipoles and Matching Techniques 4859.1 Introduction 4859.2 Biconical Antenna 4879.3 Triangular Sheet, Flexible and Conformal Bow-Tie, and Wire Simulation 4929.4 Vivaldi Antenna 4969.5 Cylindrical Dipole 5009.6 Folded Dipole 5059.7 Discone and Conical Skirt Monopole 5129.8 Matching Techniques 5139.9 Multimedia 523References 524Problems 52510 Traveling Wave and Broadband Antennas 53310.1 Introduction 53310.2 Traveling Wave Antennas 53310.3 Broadband Antennas 54910.4 Multimedia 580References 580Problems 58211 Frequency Independent Antennas, Antenna Miniaturization, and Fractal Antennas 59111.1 Introduction 59111.2 Theory 59211.3 Equiangular Spiral Antennas 59311.4 Log-Periodic Antennas 59811.5 Fundamental Limits of Electrically Small Antennas 61411.6 Antenna Miniaturization 61911.7 Fractal Antennas 62711.8 Multimedia 633References 633Problems 63512 Aperture Antennas 63912.1 Introduction 63912.2 Field Equivalence Principle: Huygens’ Principle 63912.3 Radiation Equations 64512.4 Directivity 64812.5 Rectangular Apertures 64812.6 Circular Apertures 66712.7 Design Considerations 67512.8 Babinet’s Principle 68012.9 Fourier Transforms in Aperture Antenna Theory 68412.10 Ground Plane Edge Effects: The Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 70212.11 Multimedia 707References 707Problems 70913 Horn Antennas 71913.1 Introduction 71913.2 E-Plane Sectoral Horn 71913.3 H-Plane Sectoral Horn 73313.4 Pyramidal Horn 74313.5 Conical Horn 75613.6 Corrugated Horn 76113.7 Aperture-Matched Horns 76613.8 Multimode Horns 76913.9 Dielectric-Loaded Horns 77113.10 Phase Center 77313.11 Multimedia 774References 775Problems 77814 Microstrip and Mobile Communications Antennas 78314.1 Introduction 78314.2 Rectangular Patch 78814.3 Circular Patch 81514.4 Quality Factor, Bandwidth, and Efficiency 82314.5 Input Impedance 82614.6 Coupling 82714.7 Circular Polarization 83014.8 Arrays and Feed Networks 83214.9 Antennas for Mobile Communications 83714.10 Dielectric Resonator Antennas 84714.11 Multimedia 858References 862Problems 86715 Reflector Antennas 87515.1 Introduction 87515.2 Plane Reflector 87515.3 Corner Reflector 87615.4 Parabolic Reflector 88415.5 Spherical Reflector 92015.6 Multimedia 923References 923Problems 92516 Smart Antennas 93116.1 Introduction 93116.2 Smart-Antenna Analogy 93116.3 Cellular Radio Systems Evolution 93316.4 Signal Propagation 93916.5 Smart Antennas’ Benefits 94216.6 Smart Antennas’ Drawbacks 94316.7 Antenna 94316.8 Antenna Beamforming 94616.9 Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) 96016.10 Smart-Antenna System Design, Simulation, and Results 96416.11 Beamforming, Diversity Combining, Rayleigh-Fading, and Trellis-Coded Modulation 97216.12 Other Geometries 97516.13 Multimedia 976References 976Problems 98017 Antenna Measurements 98117.1 Introduction 98117.2 Antenna Ranges 98217.3 Radiation Patterns 100017.4 Gain Measurements 100317.5 Directivity Measurements 101017.6 Radiation Efficiency 101217.7 Impedance Measurements 101217.8 Current Measurements 101417.9 Polarization Measurements 101417.10 Scale Model Measurements 1019References 1024Appendix I: f(x) = sin(x)x1027Appendix II: f N (x) = | sin(Nx)||N sin(x) N = 1, 3, 5, 10, 20| 1029Appendix III: Cosine and Sine Integrals 1031Appendix IV: Fresnel Integrals 1033Appendix V: Bessel Functions 1035Appendix VI: Identities 1041Appendix VII: Vector Analysis 1045Appendix VIII: Method of Stationary Phase 1055Appendix IX: Television, Radio, Telephone, and Radar Frequency Spectrums 1061Index 1065

Constantine A. Balanis received his BSEE degree from the Virginia Tech in 1964, his MEE degree from the University of Virginia in 1966, his PhD in Electrical Engineering from The Ohio State University in 1969, and an Honorary Doctorate from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 2004. From 1964 to 1970, he was with the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, VA, and from 1970 to 1983, he was with the Department of Electrical Engineering of West Virginia University. In 1983 he joined Arizona State University and is now Regents' Professor of Electrical Engineering. Dr. Balanis is also a life fellow of the IEEE.

Select Guide Rating

• Preface xiiiAbout the Companion Website xix1 Antennas 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Types of Antennas 31.3 Radiation Mechanism 71.4 Current Distribution on a Thin Wire Antenna 151.5 Historical Advancement 181.6 Multimedia 21References 222 Fundamental Parameters and Figures-of-Merit of Antennas 252.1 Introduction 252.2 Radiation Pattern 252.3 Radiation Power Density 352.4 Radiation Intensity 372.5 Beamwidth 402.6 Directivity 412.7 Numerical Techniques 552.8 Antenna Efficiency 602.9 Gain, Realized Gain 612.10 Beam Efficiency 652.11 Bandwidth 652.12 Polarization 662.13 Input Impedance 752.14 Antenna Radiation Efficiency 792.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length and Equivalent Areas 812.16 Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area 862.17 Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation 882.18 Antenna Temperature 962.19 Multimedia 100References 103Problems 1053 Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary Potential Functions 1273.1 Introduction 1273.2 The Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J 1283.3 The Vector Potential F for A magnetic Current Source m 1303.4 Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J) and Magnetic (M) Current Sources 1313.5 Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation 1323.6 Far-Field Radiation 1363.7 Duality Theorem 1373.8 Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems 138References 143Problems 1434 Linear Wire Antennas 1454.1 Introduction 1454.2 Infinitesimal Dipole 1454.3 Small Dipole 1554.4 Region Separation 1584.5 Finite Length Dipole 1644.6 Half-Wavelength Dipole 1764.7 Linear Elements Near or On Infinite Perfect Electric Conductors (PEC), Perfect Magnetic Conductors (PMC) and Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) Surfaces 1794.8 Ground Effects 2034.9 Computer Codes 2164.10 Multimedia 216References 218Problems 2205 Loop Antennas 2355.1 Introduction 2355.2 Small Circular Loop 2365.3 Circular Loop of Constant Current 2505.4 Circular Loop with Nonuniform Current 2595.5 Ground and Earth Curvature Effects for Circular Loops 2685.6 Polygonal Loop Antennas 2695.7 Ferrite Loop 2705.8 Mobile Communication Systems Applications 2725.9 Multimedia 272References 275Problems 2776 Arrays: Linear, Planar, and Circular 2856.1 Introduction 2856.2 Two-Element Array 2866.3 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude and Spacing 2936.4 N-Element Linear Array: Directivity 3126.5 Design Procedure 3186.6 N-Element Linear Array: Three-Dimensional Characteristics 3196.7 Rectangular-to-Polar Graphical Solution 3226.8 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Spacing, Nonuniform Amplitude 3236.9 Superdirectivity 3456.10 Planar Array 3486.11 Design Considerations 3606.12 Circular Array 3636.13 Multimedia 367References 367Problems 3687 Antenna Synthesis and Continuous Sources 3857.1 Introduction 3857.2 Continuous Sources 3867.3 Schelkunoff Polynomial Method 3877.4 Fourier Transform Method 3927.5 Woodward-Lawson Method 3987.6 Taylor Line-Source (Tschebyscheff-Error) 4047.7 Taylor Line-Source (One-Parameter) 4087.8 Triangular, Cosine, and Cosine-Squared Amplitude Distributions 4157.9 Line-Source Phase Distributions 4167.10 Continuous Aperture Sources 4177.11 Multimedia 420References 420Problems 4218 Integral Equations, Moment Method, and Self and Mutual Impedances 4318.1 Introduction 4318.2 Integral Equation Method 4328.3 Finite Diameter Wires 4398.4 Moment Method Solution 4488.5 Self-Impedance 4558.6 Mutual Impedance Between Linear Elements 4638.7 Mutual Coupling in Arrays 4748.8 Multimedia 480References 480Problems 4829 Broadband Dipoles and Matching Techniques 4859.1 Introduction 4859.2 Biconical Antenna 4879.3 Triangular Sheet, Flexible and Conformal Bow-Tie, and Wire Simulation 4929.4 Vivaldi Antenna 4969.5 Cylindrical Dipole 5009.6 Folded Dipole 5059.7 Discone and Conical Skirt Monopole 5129.8 Matching Techniques 5139.9 Multimedia 523References 524Problems 52510 Traveling Wave and Broadband Antennas 53310.1 Introduction 53310.2 Traveling Wave Antennas 53310.3 Broadband Antennas 54910.4 Multimedia 580References 580Problems 58211 Frequency Independent Antennas, Antenna Miniaturization, and Fractal Antennas 59111.1 Introduction 59111.2 Theory 59211.3 Equiangular Spiral Antennas 59311.4 Log-Periodic Antennas 59811.5 Fundamental Limits of Electrically Small Antennas 61411.6 Antenna Miniaturization 61911.7 Fractal Antennas 62711.8 Multimedia 633References 633Problems 63512 Aperture Antennas 63912.1 Introduction 63912.2 Field Equivalence Principle: Huygens’ Principle 63912.3 Radiation Equations 64512.4 Directivity 64812.5 Rectangular Apertures 64812.6 Circular Apertures 66712.7 Design Considerations 67512.8 Babinet’s Principle 68012.9 Fourier Transforms in Aperture Antenna Theory 68412.10 Ground Plane Edge Effects: The Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 70212.11 Multimedia 707References 707Problems 70913 Horn Antennas 71913.1 Introduction 71913.2 E-Plane Sectoral Horn 71913.3 H-Plane Sectoral Horn 73313.4 Pyramidal Horn 74313.5 Conical Horn 75613.6 Corrugated Horn 76113.7 Aperture-Matched Horns 76613.8 Multimode Horns 76913.9 Dielectric-Loaded Horns 77113.10 Phase Center 77313.11 Multimedia 774References 775Problems 77814 Microstrip and Mobile Communications Antennas 78314.1 Introduction 78314.2 Rectangular Patch 78814.3 Circular Patch 81514.4 Quality Factor, Bandwidth, and Efficiency 82314.5 Input Impedance 82614.6 Coupling 82714.7 Circular Polarization 83014.8 Arrays and Feed Networks 83214.9 Antennas for Mobile Communications 83714.10 Dielectric Resonator Antennas 84714.11 Multimedia 858References 862Problems 86715 Reflector Antennas 87515.1 Introduction 87515.2 Plane Reflector 87515.3 Corner Reflector 87615.4 Parabolic Reflector 88415.5 Spherical Reflector 92015.6 Multimedia 923References 923Problems 92516 Smart Antennas 93116.1 Introduction 93116.2 Smart-Antenna Analogy 93116.3 Cellular Radio Systems Evolution 93316.4 Signal Propagation 93916.5 Smart Antennas’ Benefits 94216.6 Smart Antennas’ Drawbacks 94316.7 Antenna 94316.8 Antenna Beamforming 94616.9 Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) 96016.10 Smart-Antenna System Design, Simulation, and Results 96416.11 Beamforming, Diversity Combining, Rayleigh-Fading, and Trellis-Coded Modulation 97216.12 Other Geometries 97516.13 Multimedia 976References 976Problems 98017 Antenna Measurements 98117.1 Introduction 98117.2 Antenna Ranges 98217.3 Radiation Patterns 100017.4 Gain Measurements 100317.5 Directivity Measurements 101017.6 Radiation Efficiency 101217.7 Impedance Measurements 101217.8 Current Measurements 101417.9 Polarization Measurements 101417.10 Scale Model Measurements 1019References 1024Appendix I: f(x) = sin(x)x1027Appendix II: f N (x) = | sin(Nx)||N sin(x) N = 1, 3, 5, 10, 20| 1029Appendix III: Cosine and Sine Integrals 1031Appendix IV: Fresnel Integrals 1033Appendix V: Bessel Functions 1035Appendix VI: Identities 1041Appendix VII: Vector Analysis 1045Appendix VIII: Method of Stationary Phase 1055Appendix IX: Television, Radio, Telephone, and Radar Frequency Spectrums 1061Index 1065